Entity relationship diagram model of george’s garage

Entity relationship draw archetype of georges garage foundation garment kind between maven or more then one entity of gameboards by pripary see and foreign reveal is c in alled as Entity Relationship diagram model. This documentation will be on Entity Relationship diagram model of Georges Garage.Database InformationTables of the Garage Database Garage Database gives entropy of the hedge Name with primary winding key and Foreign Key.1)N machine_sale Pk N cable car_id2).Sh gondola car_Sale Pk- ShCar_id3).VehicleSale Pk Sale_id Fk- Ncar_id , ShCar_id, Dept_id4) Car_auction Pk au_id Fk- SHCar_id5) Car_Workshop Pk Workshop_id Fk dept_id, Car_servise_id6) Car_servise Pk Car_servise_id FK - Payment_id , Parts_id7) Servise_ honorarium Pk Payment_id Fk Staff_id8) Car_Parts Pk Parts_id9) Customer Pk cust_id10) Parts_Sale_Stock Pk Parts_sale_id Fk move_id, cust_id11) Parts_ put in Pk Order_id FK parts_id12) Suplier Pk - Suplier_id Fk - Order_id13) Department Pk - Dept_id 14) mental faculty Pk Staff_id FK dept_id15) Vehicle_Booking Pk - Booki_id Fk - Cust_id16) Vehicle_Hire Pk Hire_id Fk Booki_id, Dept_id17) Valeting_Servise Pk Valeting_servise_id FK booki_id, 18) Car_Hire Pk Car_Hire_id19) Vehicle Pk - Vehicle_id Fk booki_id, Car_Hire_id20) Sp_Car_Hire Pk - Sp_Car_id Fk - Vehicle_id21) Rolls_Roys Pk Rr_Car_id Fk Sp_Car_id 22) Limousines Pk Li_Car_id Fk Sp_Car_id23) Minibus Pk Mb_Car_id Fk Sp_Car_idEntity Relationship Diagram ConceptsKeys* Primary Key - Primary Key is a key that uniquely identify shelter of the accede Example- In payment duck, Payment_id is a primary key.Create table Servise_payment( payment_id varchar(5) non NULL shyness carser_pk PRIMARY KEY,)* Foreign Key - Foreign Key is a key thats indicates the primary Key of the another tableCreate table Car_servise(Payment_id varchar(5) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT spayme_fk FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Servise_payment(payment_id))* Example - In Car_Service table, Payment_id is a fore ign Key which point out another Payment_id of the Payment table Entity Collection of Attributes is known as Entity. In sql, parson table is a entity and Person_id, Person_name, person_Address and Person_BOD is a attributes of person.AssumeGenaral This entropybase on the George garage therefore it contains all breeding of the garage.there ar twenty three tables which are connected with each other..a. some(a) of the employee have kindred amount of salary because they may work in same section and same position.b. Some Cars Hire date are similar because different car might prosecute in same date.c. Some tables have Integer data type or ice-cream soda data type due to Price of part and seat of car respectively.Spacial1)Ncar_sale This Ncar tables contains concomitant of sales of the new cars2).ShCar_Sale This table store training intimately second transcend car. 3).VehicleSaleThis table keeps records of the New car and succor hand car sale. This table acts as sale department4) Car_auction Car auction table keeps record of car auction study. Second hand car apply in car auction 5) Car_Workshop This is Workshop department table. This table store data of car services in the workshop. 6) Car_servise This table gives information about service of the one car. Its also gives information about parts which are used in service, Payment and type of service. 7) Service_payment This payment table store payment information of each Service.8) Car_Parts Car parts table contain details of each Parts of the car. Some car parts also order from the supplier.9) Customer This table store customers information. 10) Parts_Sale_Stock This table is use for store information of parts sale11) Parts_order Parts order table contains parts order data. 12) Suplier This table used to store information about Supplier13) Department Department table contain all department information14) staff this table gives information of the all staff of the departsment 15) Vehicle_Hire This t able is a Hire department table which store involvement information.16) Vehicle_Booking This table used to book hire vehicle information as well as valeting Service information.17) Valeting_Servise This table keeps records of the valeting service. 18) Car_Hire Car hire tables contains information about only cars and Vans 19) Vehicle This Vehicle table store detail of the hire vehicles such as Car and special vehicle.20) Sp_Car_Hire Car hire tables contains information about only special vehicle such as Minibus, Rolls Roys and Limousines.21) Rolls_Roys Rolls Roys table contain information about rolls roys special vehicle.Rolls Roys is used for occation 22) Limousines Limousines table contain information about rolls roys special vehicle. Limousines used for wedding and nighttime outs23) Minibus Minibus table contain information about Minibus special vehicle. This table keeps records of airport pickup 5 Syntaxes.Create SyntaxCreate Syntax is used in sql which is for create tab le. Create Syntax is used in the data Definition language(DDL).For Example - This syntax for create Vehicle_sale table. Create table Vehicle_Sale( Sale_id int(3), New_car_sale_id varchar(5), Secondhandcar_sale_id varchar(5), Staff_id varchar(5)) barge in SyntaxInsert Syntax is used in sql which is for Insert value in the table. Insert Syntax is used in the data purpose language(DML).For Example This syntax for insert value in the Vehicle_saleInsert into Vehicle_Sale values(S01,Car01,sh01,em01) indicator Systax Index used for make search process easily and degenerateFor example In employee table, each employ has their own phone identification number and it is unique

The Recycling Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

The Recycling Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences EssayCan you theorise todays conjunction with come out estimators? Our use of electronic products has grown substantiall(a)y and allow for sojourn to evolve. As the demand for late and more advanced technology increases, so does the amount of outdated personal computers (PC). However, where do our unwanted computers end up? Yes, computers argon convenient when they ar maping, hardly once they prolong liberation their course, then what? Should we just toss them in the trash bin? The optimum alternative is computer cycle. Recycling is beneficial to our environs and humanity by helping conserve energy and reduce landfill space, such as the heavy(p) landfills in China. Also, computers contain hundreds of chemicals which piece of ass migrate into our environment, recycle helps by creating slight un healthful chemical emissions.Conserving energy is non an easy task since our society is plugged in on a daily basis. Computers be necessity for work, school, shopping, communicating with others, and so forth The average desk height computer uses up to 60 to 250 watts of energy when in use. Analog, outdated computers use cathode ray tube (cathode-ray tube) monitors. The image in a CRT monitor isnt as sharp and typically uses up more energy than a Liquid Crystal divulge (LCD). A CRT monitor dismiss use up to 80 watts of energy tour an LCD will use frequently slight at 35 watts. In addition, outdated PCs rely on aged(a) touch onors which consume large amounts of energy. However, on that point is an afterlife for these dinosaurs. Dell do newspaper headline news when Michael Dell announced his company would begin to recycle computer hardwarfaree for free even if the consumer would not be purchasing anything new from them. (Dell Inc. does the right thing, 2006) Dell offered consumers the filling of recycling their PCs at no approach to them by simply going to their website, printing out a prepaid shipping label in order to return their desktops, laptops, printers and/or sign cartridges. After doing so, Dell would be sending out a return to pick up the equipment. Like Dell, many other manufacturers are commence to acknowledge computers contain many recyclable split and are de-manufacturing. De-manufacturing is the process by which computers and other electronic equipment are refurbished or broken bulge out to their basic break dance. By doing this, manufacturers help conserve energy and raw materials unavoidable to manufacture new computers and electronic equipment. These parts are then reused in upgrading other computers. (Computer recycling guidance, 2007) PC recyclers know that not all parts are recyclable and therefore breakdown each component to maximise recyclability. When computers are disassembled as part of our de-manufacturing program, variant components are removed for recycling or reuse. (Computer recycling guidance, 2007) Re-usable materials acknowledge ferrous (iron-based) and non-ferrous coatlic elements, glass and various types of plastic. (Computer recycling, 2009) These parts include the heat sink, which keeps the PC processor cool, is made of 95% aluminum, 4% polypropylene plastic (fan) and 1% mixed metal. The power supply unit is made of an 85% steel case and a 15% printed perimeter board. The PCs hard drive is where all of the computers files are pedigreed this is made of 80% aluminum, 15% steel and 5% lick board. The motherboard, which is the computers platform, consists of a circuit board. The compact magnetic disk (CD) drive and case is made up of 50% ferrous metal and 50% plastic resin while the floppy drive is drawed of 95% metal (ferrous and non-ferrous) and 5% circuit board. A large caboodle of metal comes from the computer case which is 90% steel and 10% ABS or resin plastic (typically varies from model to model). The CRT monitor (CRT TUBE) is 95% glass and 5% ferrous metal. 90% fiberglass or plastic, 5% non-ferrous metal and 5% other recyclable materials (diodes, etc.) make up the monitor circuit board. The monitor yoke is 75% tomentum, 10% ferrous metal and 15% plastic (could be recycled, but particles are made too petty(a) by the refining process). The monitor case and base are made up of 98% plastic and 2% ferrous metal (screws, etc). 99% plastic resin with polyvinyl chloride and copper cabling make up the keyboard while 90% plastic 5% circuit board 5% production line ( evict be recovered) make up the mouse. The degaussing wire used passim the computer is composed of 95% copper wire and 5% PVC plastic tape. Cables/wires are made of 90% PVC plastic, 5% copper and 5% steel. Holding all of these parts together are various screws which are 100% ferrous metal. (Computer recycling, 2009) Yes, the aforementioned list is detailed and extensive, but it is important to know that although recycling all these parts helps conserve energy, it in addition helps reduce landfil l space.With technology evolving so quickly, we are bombarded by the latest and sterling(prenominal) electronics. Were constantly upgrading from one computer to next however, there are sincere steps we whoremonger take in order to maintain our computers works faster, longer. Keeping your computer cool (below 90 degrees) and dust-free the cooling fan from imbibe dust and eventually clogging the computer. Clogged ventilation will agent your PC to overheat. If this happens it may burn out and be damaged firmly or even rendered un correctable. Food and drinks should never be placed well(p) a computer. Keeping them far away will prevent an calamity from occuring. Any liquid spilled onto your computer will cause electrical damage. In case of an outage, you should always have your PC plugged into a bang protector. Not only does it protect your hardware, but it eliminates wasting energy by the standby power which most computers draw even while they are off. Regularly checking the s pace available on your hard drive will keep new software or graphic files from eating up your surplus. Most importantly, be certain to upgrade your anti-virus protection and anti-spyware programs. Preventive charge is key to keeping our computers out of landfills longer. Experts estimate that consumers replaced or retired more than three hundred million computers over the past decade, and the recycling industry estimates that about 1 billion computers will become potential scrap by 2010. (Greener computers, 2007) In 2000, 4.6 million tonnesof electronic moulder (e-waste) made their way to U.S. landfills and this number continues to increase. (New war on waste, 2008) Currently, there are more than 10 million computers dumped in landfills yearly. (What to do with tech trash?, 2010) Seeing the need for change, many states and countries are banning computers and TVs from landfills and are asking the government for their support in the matter. The federal government only prohibits la rge-scale electronic dumping which means that groups tossing more than 220 pounds of electronic waste a month must recycle. However, residents and small businesses can, and do, messiness old computers into landfills. According to the National Safety Council, only 11 share of computers get recycled, and small-time consumers alone add 10 million computers to landfills all year. (What to do with tech trash?, 2010) Sadly, e-waste is one of the fastestes growing types of waste which was run to governments in the United Kingdom, Japan and almost U.S. states in 1990. Seeking a resolution, they set up e-waste recycling systems and began exporting their e-waste to create countries. These countries virtues were inadequate in protecting workers and the environment. More often than not, the laws were not enforced. Also, it was much cheaper to recycle waste in under overhauled countries such as China rather than the U.S. turn over for the cost of glass-to-glass recycling of computer mon itors. E-waste is routinely exported by developed countries to developing ones, often in violation of the international law. (Lynam, 2009) Africa and Asia are the primary countries beingness utilized for e-dumpping. However, in 2005, there were inspections of 18 European seaports. Inspectors found 47% to be illegal e-waste. In 2003, the United Kingdom illegally shipped 23,000 measured tonnesof undeclared electronic waste to eastern countries such as, China and India, in addition Africa. The U.S. collects recycled material and ships 50-80 % of the waste to China. China banned e-waste exportation in 2000, unfortunately, the law is not on the job(p) and e-waste continually arrives in Guiya of Guangdong Province, which is Chinas main e-waste scrapping centre. As e-waste merchandise grew in Asia, so did the demand for it. Asian scrap yards discovered priceless substances such as nickle, copper, silicon, gold and iron could be salvaged during the recycling process. hardly what abou t the unrecycable materials? Many of these developing countries did not and do not have hazardous waste facilities. After the e-waste problems of these developed countries were shipped to developing countries where laws to protect workers and the environment were and are inadequate or not enforced, too many of these developing countries discovered their landfills are now plagued with massive amounts of toxins.With profit in mind, some computer manufacturers intentionally produce their products for a short life straddle and use materials and processes that deter recycling efforts. Toxic e-waste continues to accumulate and is having negative effectuate on our environment. Currently, less than 10 percent of e-waste produced is reused or recycled. This means that the absolute majority of the e-waste is disposed of in landfills, where it can eventually create health problems done human exposure. (S 510 Electronic waste recycling forward motion and consumer protection act, 2006) int entional to process toxins and waste, the essential components of a landfill are the bottom liner system, cells (old and new), squeeze urine drainage system, leachate collection system, methane collection system, and covering or cap. each(prenominal) of these has its function within the landfill. What separates trash and subsequent leachate from groundwater is the bottom liner system. The cells store the trash within the landfill. Rainfall is collected by the storm water drainage system. The leachate collection system collects the water which has percolated through the landfill itself and absorbs contaminating substances. Methane torpedo which is formed during the breakdown of trash is collected by the methane collection system. The top of the landfill is sealed off by the cap. (S 510 Electronic waste recycling promotion and consumer protection act, 2006) Computers release toxins during their production, use, but most of all, when they have been disposed of in our landfills. Cru shed or incinerated e-waste release contaminants, such as atomic number 24, into the air and groundwater. up to now with aforementioned systems in place, a leakage in the lining can occur which can cause toxins to evaporate off of the leachate ponds or they might pool at the bottom of the landfill and then be pumped out into a nearby pond. (Environmental facts, 2007) Other toxins which are released into our environment from e-waste are lead, compact disc, chromium, quicksilver, etc. deal is found in cathode ray tubes and solder. Just one CRT monitor can contain between 4 and 8 pounds of lead. surrounded by 1997 and 2004, 315 million computers became obsolete. This accounted for 1.2 billion pounds of lead being released into the environment through unfit disposal in landfills. Lead is one of the most abundant toxic byproducts of e-waste and has many well-documented detrimental human health effects. (S 510 Electronic waste recycling promotion and consumer protection act, 2006) Drinking lead contaminated water can cause brain and nervous system damage. The greatest negative health effect is on children. Hearing, behavior and learning problems have been associated to children undefendable to lead. Lead exposed adults may have high blood pressure. They can develop memory, concentration and reproductive problems. Environmental organisms behavioral changes after being exposed to lead lower its chances of reproduction because of physical malformations due to exposure. Also having a negative effect on our bodies is cadmium. Found in the circuit boards and semi-conductors of computers, cadmium accumulates in our bodies and poisons the kidneys. Even more damaging is chromium, which damages DNA. Exposure to chromium can cause asthma and respiratory problems. Also, exposure to chromium can cause perforated eardrums, discoloration of the teeth, skin irritation, kidney and liver damage, upper abdominal muscle pain, and pulmonary congestion. Once chromium lodges into tissues, it may lead to cancerous ingathering in the lungs, kidneys, and intestines because they are especially vulnerable. (Environmental facts, 2007) There are studies reporting unseasonable senility as a factor of chromium. Chromium slanders our environment by negatively touching the population of salmon and amphibians in our aquatic ecosystems. clear up yet, chromium IV has been known to cause cancer when inhaled. Out of all these toxins mercury can be deadly. Computers contain mercury in their switches and housing. dissimilar inhalable chromium, vapors from mercury contaminate the atmosphere and rainfall then causes them to accrue into the ground. Once in the soil, the processed mercury by bacteria becomes methyl radical mercury. The new form of mercury is then collected in animals adipose tissues. Methyl mercurys effects are dependent on the amount of exposure. effect can range from mild to severe. Humans exposed to mercury are unaware they were exposed. Most exposu res occur through eating shellfish and fish. fraught(p) women should not eat potentially contaminated fish. Doing so may harm the developing fetus since fetuses and infants are most affected by mercury toxins. These toxins have a negative effect on the nervous system. impaired neurological development affects cognitive abilities, memory, attention, language, and fine motor and spatial skills. Symptoms include insomnia, tremors, headaches, emotional changes, changes in nerve responses, performance deficits on tests of cognitive function and disturbances in sensations. (Environmental facts, 2007) With high exposure, mercury can cause respiratory failure, affect the kidneys and cause death. In wildlife, methyl mercury can be mortal, importantly reduce fertility, and slow growth and development. These are just some of the toxins released into our environment, there are more By opting not to recycle, we are opting on not only damaging our environment to an irreparable state, but killin g ourselves. why wouldnt we want to recycle?In conclusion, there isnt a Federal assign to recycle e-waste. However, there are many states which have instituted mandatory electronics convalescence programs. These programs were put in place by individuals of green states who care plenty about themselves and their environment to put a stop to excess e-waste. bingle thousand or more municipalities offer computer and electronics collections as part of household hazardous waste collections, special events, or other arrangements. In addition, public and private organizations have emerged that accept computers and other electronics for recycling.They are working on ways to make recycling of electronic waste much more convenient. Depending on where you live and the amount of equipment you have, the best recycling option might be a county recycling drop-off center, TV repair shop, charitable organization, electronics recycling company, or even your local electronics retailer, which might collect used products and send them to a recycler. (Where can I donate or recycle my old computer and other electronic products?, 2010) Computers can and should be recycled Recycling unwanted computers is the optimal alternative. If we all do our part and recycle, we can conserve energy, reduce landfill space, and create less toxic chemical emissions. less(prenominal) electronic waste (e-waste) equals more of our planet saved Recycling is an first-class and economical way of ultimately achieving this goal. Lets do our part

Background Of Language Learning Strategies English Language Essay

backcloth Of spoken row encyclopedism Strategies English vocabulary EssayThis chapter covers the background of words training strategies (LLS), the literature review including the definitions of key barriers, classifications of LLS, the characteristics of LLS, the situationors influencing the choice of LLS, evidences from previous investigate studies, the teachers role in LLS training, and theoretical c one timepts.2.1 Background of delivery tuition Strategies look into on expression discovering strategies has been conducted since the 1960s. Williams and Burden (1997, p. 149) stated that knowledges in cognitive psychology influenced much of look done on address eruditeness strategies. In most of the research on dustup larn strategies, the genius concern has been on identifying what good linguistic colloquy scholarly persons report they do to distinguish a second or abroad row, or, in some cases, atomic number 18 observed doing while discipline a second or irrelevant nomenclature (Rubin Wenden 1987, p. 19). In 1966, Carton published The Method of Inference in Foreign lecture Study, which was the initial effort to describe second talking to apprentices strategies. Then in 1971, Rubin began to conduct research regarding the strategies of successful apprentices and affirmed that, once acknowledged, such strategies could be made available to little successful learners. Rubin (1975) reason strategies in terms of processes contri hardlying today or in removely to expression nurture. Wong-Fill more (1976), Tarone (1977), Naiman et al. (1978), Bialystok (1979), Cohen and Aphek (1981), Wenden (1982), Chamot and OMalley (1987), Politzer and McGroarty (1985), Conti and Kolsody (1997), and numerous others pay back also researched strategies employed by row learners during contradictory address study.2.2 Literature Review2.2.1 Defining conceptsThere have been m any(prenominal) researchers trying to give a definition of the t erm diction larn strategies. In the ancient Greek quarrel, schema = strategia means generalship or the knack of fighting (Yi et al., 2007). In a more precise intelligence, forthline entails the most favourable supervision of troops, ships or aircraft in a intentional operation while tactic is diverse, but is associated with sub-strategies which ar the apparatus to do the achievement of strategies. In non- armed forces instaltings, the concept of schema has been applied to the non-adversarial situations, where it has come to menageify an arrangement, movement or an act is hired for attaining a detailed endeavor (Oxford, 1990). Oxford (1990) stated that strategies ar particularly cardinal for language discipline beca physical exercise they ar wights for active, self- order involvement, which is essential for developing communicative competence (p. 1). Because they be very(prenominal) noteworthy, development strategies have been broadly employed in the education field. galore(postnominal) researchers have tried to give definitions to language scholarship strategy utilise antithetic terms and different concepts of their deliver which will be discussed in the following paragraphs.Many researchers have conceptualised variously the term language discipline strategies. Strategy originates from ancient Greek language strategia, which implies fighting capability (Yi et al., 2007). Regarding military field, strategy is funda psychogenic to troop surveillance, while tactic is a tool to achieve the strategic goal. Apart from militarism, strategy has been defined as eagerness to accomplish a repoint (Oxford, 1990). To develop communicative competence, strategies are all important(p) to language teaching (Oxford, 1990, p.1). For this reason, most researchers have viewed language scholarship strategy diversely as follows.Schemeck (1988) defined strategy as the accomplishance of a distinguish of actions (tactics) for accomplishing some g oal and information strategy as a chain of actions for accomplishing information (p. 5). Weinstein and Mayer (1986) explained that knowledge strategies are behaviours and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning and that are projected to persuade the learners encoding process (p. 315). more specifically, Rigney (1978) gave a definition of a learning strategy as cognitive strategy which is utilize to indicate operations and procedures that the student whitethorn use to acquire, hold, and retrieve different kinds of knowledge and performance (p. 165).Rubin (1975) defined strategies as the techniques or devices, which a learner may use to acquire knowledge (p. 43). Later, Rubin (1981) did a study to discover cognitive strategies in second language learning and got to know the distinction between condition and indirect language learning strategies. In 1987, Rubin proposed language learning strategies as strategies which lead to the improvement of the language structure which the learner builds and which shapes learning from then on (p. 23). She also recommended that language learning strategies consist of any set of operations, steps, plans, routines utilize by the learner to alleviate the obtaining, storage, retrieval and use of breeding (p. 19).Bialystock (1978) defined learning strategies as optional means for exploiting available information to improve competence in a second language (p. 71). He then identified iv kinds of language learning strategies (a) formal practising (b) functional practising (c) remindering and (d) inferencing. According to OMalley et al. (1985), language learning strategies have been broadly defined as any set of operations or steps apply by a learner that will facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval or use of information (p. 23). In this study, they classified twenty- vi strategies into triad subgroups metacognitive, cognitive, and social-affective. In the same way, Chamot (1987) tell learning strategi es are techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information (p. 71). She proposed that some language learning strategies are observable, but some may not be. In a cognitive perspective, OMalley and Chamot thought of language learning strategies as the special thoughts or behaviours that individuals used to jockstrap them comprehend, learn, or retain unsanded information (p. 1).Nisbet (1986) gave another definition of language learning strategies as always determined and goal-oriented, but perhaps not always received at a conscious or deliberate level. They end be long-lasting or so speedy in implementation that it is unworkable for the learner to bring back, recall or even be antiphonary that one has utilized a strategy (p. 25). Oxford and Crookall (1989) defined language learning strategies as steps taken by the learner to aid the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information (p. 404). They noted that strategies may be used consciously but they can also stimulate habitual and automatic with practice. Similarly, Oxford (1990) claimed that learning strategies are steps taken by students to enhance their own learning (p. 1), and she said they were specific actions taken by the learner to make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more hard-hitting, and more transferable to new situations (p. 8). Scrella Oxford (1992) found that learning strategies were specific actions, behaviours, steps, or techniques-such as seeking out conversation partners, or giving oneself encouragement to tackle a difficult language task-used by students to enhance their own learning (p. 63).MacIntyre (1994) argued that the term strategy implied active preparedness in pursuit of some goal, which was not something that would automatically occur. He underline the learners deliberate action of language learning strategies. He provided a different perspective of defining language learning strategies as the actions chosen by language students that are intended to facilitate language acquisition and communication (p. 190). The definition focuses more on learners intention and choice in employ language learning strategies. In 1999, Nunan gave the definition of learning strategies as cordial and communicative procedures learners use in order to learn and use language (p. 171). Four researchers, Chamot, Barnhadt, El-Dinary Rubbins (1999), defined learning strategies as the thoughts and actions engaged in, consciously or not, to learn new information (p. 1). Lastly, Hall (2001) referred learning strategies to goal-directed actions that were used by learners to mediate their own learning (p. 92).Researchers have recognized and illustrated language learning strategies which language learners use when they process new information and perform responsibilities (Hismanoglu, 2000). In the subsequent section, how different researchers h ave classified language learning strategies will be shortly summarized.Language learners should know exactly the strategies to be used in order to improve their achievement. Cohen, Weaver, Li (1996) argued thatStrategies for language learning and language use have been receiving ever-growing attention in the areas of foreign language teaching and learning (Oxford 1990, Cohen 1990, OMalley Chamot 1990, Wenden 1991, Brown 1991, Rubin Thompson 1994, Mendelsohn 1994, Mc Donough 1995). It is fair to say that language educators in many different contexts have been seeking ways to process students become more successful in their efforts to learn and communicate in foreign languages. The application of foreign language learning and use strategies is viewed as one vehicle for promoting greater success. A strategy is considered to be effective if it provides autocratic reliever to the students in their attempts to learn or use the foreign language. (p. 3)The Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency (2009) defines successful learners as commonwealth who own essential literate learning skills, numeracy and information and technology of communication. tribe who have good sense of creativity, are resourceful in identifying and problem solving.people who process information, reason, question and carry out evaluation by themselves.people who communicate in many means.people who understand how they learn and learn from their mistakes.people who are able to learn individually and work in groups.people who have world knowledge.people who enjoy learning and are motivated to achieve the best they can now and in the future.2.2.2 Taxonomy of Language Learning StrategiesSince the 1960s, the research of language learning strategies has been conducted by many language researchers (Wenden Rubin, 1987 OMalley et al., 1985 Oxford, 1990 Stern, 1992 Ellis, 1994). Most of these attempts to categorize language learning strategies are a sign of more or less(prenominal) the same c lassifications of language learning strategies without any fundamental changes. As below, OMalleys (1985), Rubins (1987), Sterns (1992), and Oxfords (1990) taxonomies of language learning strategies will be describe2.2.2.1 OMalleys (1985) Classification of Language Learning StrategiesOMalley et al. (1985, pp. 582-584) divide language learning strategies into three main subcategoriesMetacognitive Strategiescognitive StrategiesSocioaffective StrategiesA. Metacognitive StrategiesIt can be stated that metacognitive is a term to express executive function, strategies which require planning for learning, thinking more or less the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is complete. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is possible to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self-management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production, self-evaluation.B. cognitive StrategiesCognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct purpose of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note-taking, deduction, recombination, imaginary, auditory representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, influencing are among the most important cognitive strategies.C. Socioaffective StrategiesAs to the socioaffective strategies, it can be stated that they are link with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and questioning for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies (Brown, 1987, pp. 93-94).2.2.2.2 Rubins (1987) Classification of Language Learning StrategiesRubin, who pioneered much of the work in the field of strategies, makes the distinction between strategies contributing directly to learning and those contributing indirectly to learning. According to Rubin (1987), in that location are three types of strategies u sed by learners that bring directly or indirectly to language learning. These areLearning StrategiesCommunication StrategiesSocial StrategiesA. Learning StrategiesThey are of two main types, being the strategies contributing directly to the development of the language system constructed by the learnerCognitive Learning StrategiesMetacognitive Learning StrategiesA.1 Cognitive Learning StrategiesThey refer to the steps or operations used in learning or problem-solving that requires direct analysis, transformation, or implication of learning materials. Rubin identified six main cognitive learning strategies contributing directly to language learningClarification/ curbGuessing/Inductive Inferencingdeductive ReasoningPracticeMemorizationmonitorA.2 Metacognitive Learning StrategiesThese strategies are used to oversee, regulate or self-direct language learning. They involve various processes as planning, prioritizing, background knowledge goals, and self-management.B. Communication Stra tegiesThey are less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning or clarifying what the speaker intended. Communication strategies are used by speakers when faced with some difficulty due to the fact that their communication ends outrun their communication means or when confronted with misunderstanding by a co-speaker.C. Social StrategiesSocial strategies are those activities learners engage in which fall in them opportunities to be exposed to and practice their knowledge. Although these strategies provide exposure to the target language, they contribute indirectly to learning since they do not lead directly to the obtaining, storing, retrieving, and employ of language (Rubin Wenden, 1987, pp. 23-27).2.2.2.3 Sterns (1992) Classification of Language Learning StrategiesAccording to Stern (1992, pp. 262-266), in that location are five main language learning strategies as follows way and Planning Str ategiesCognitive StrategiesCommunicative-Experiential Strategiesinterpersonal Strategies stirred up StrategiesA. Management and Planning StrategiesThese strategies are related to the learners intention to direct his own learning. A learner can take charge of the development of his own programme when he is assistanted by a teacher whose role is that of an adviser and resource person. This is to say that the learner mustdecide what commitment to make to language learningset himself reasonable goalsdecide on an appropriate methodology, select appropriate resources, and monitor progress,evaluate his achievement in the light of previously determined goals and expectations (Stern, 1992, p. 263).B. Cognitive StrategiesThey are steps or operations used in learning or problem solving that require direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials. In the following, some of the cognitive strategies are exhibitedClarification/VerificationGuessing/Inductive InferencingDeducti ve ReasoningPracticeMemorizationMonitoringC. Communicative-Experiential StrategiesCommunication strategies, such as circumlocution, gesturing, paraphrase, or asking for repetition and explanation are techniques used by learners so as to keep a conversation going. The purpose of using these techniques is to avoid interrupting the flow of communication (Stern, 1992, p. 265).D. Interpersonal StrategiesThey should monitor their own development and evaluate their own performance. Learners should contact with autochthonal speakers and cooperate with them. Learners must become acquainted with the target culture (Stern, 1992, pp. 265-266).E. Affective StrategiesIt is evident that good language learners employ distinct affective strategies. Language learning can be frustrating in some cases. In some cases, the feeling of strangeness can be evoked by the foreign language. In some cases, L2 learners may have negative feelings about native speakers of L2. Good language learners are more or les s conscious of these emotional problems. Good language learners try to create associations of positive affect towards the foreign language and its speakers as well as towards the learning activities involved. Learning training can help students to face up the emotional difficulties and to overcome them by drawing attention to the potential frustrations or pointing them out as they arise (Stern, 1992, p. 266).2.2.2.4 Oxfords (1990) Classification of Language Learning StrategiesOxford (1990, p. 9) sees the aim of language learning strategies as being oriented towards the development of communicative competence. Oxford divides language learning strategies into two main classes, direct and indirect, which are further subdivided into six groups (cognitive, memory, and compensation under the direct metacognitive, affective, and social under the indirect class) (see catch 1).Each of six groups shown above has some more concrete strategies, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Some language le arning strategies which relate with learning directly are called direct strategies. All direct strategies require mental processing of the target language, but the three groups of direct strategies (cognitive, memory and compensation) do this processing differently and for different process (Oxford, 1990). Cognitive strategies, such as practising or analysing, enable learners to understand and produce new language by many different means. Memory strategies, such as grouping or using imaginary, have highly specific functions. They help students store and retrieve new information. Compensation strategies, like guessing or using synonyms, allow learners to use the language despite their often commodious gaps in knowledge.Other language learning strategies are called indirect strategies because they support and manage language learning without, in many instances, directly involving the target language (Oxford, 1990). collateral strategies are divided into metacognitive, affective and s ocial. Metacognitive strategies allow learners to support their own cognition that is, learners can coordinate their own learning processes by using study habits such as centering, arranging, planning and evaluating. Affective strategies help regulate emotions, motivations and attitudes. Social strategies help students to learn finished interaction with others. Indirect strategies are useful in virtually all language learning situations and are applicable to all four language skills listening, reading, speaking and writing.2.2.3 Characteristics of Language Learning StrategiesClouston (1997) maintains that the terminology is given differently by researchers, some use the terms learner strategies (Wendin Rubin, 1987), others learning strategies (OMalley Chamot, 1990 Chamot OMalley, 1994), and others still use language learning strategies (Oxford, 1990a, 1996), but there are a number of fundamental characteristics in the commonly acknowledged analysis of LLS. First, learners gener ate LLS which are steps taken by learners of the language. Second, LLS improve language learning and facilitate enlarge language competency, as feedback in the learners skills in listening, speaking, reading or writing the L2 or FL. Third, LLS might be able to be seen (behaviours, steps, techniques, etc.) or unseen (thoughts, mental processes). Four, LLS engage information and memory (vocabulary knowledge, grammar rules, etc.).Reading the LLS literature, additional aspects of LLS are less consistently acknowledged. Oxford (1990a) and others such as Wenden and Rubin (1987) distinguish an aspiration for control and license of learning on the part of the learner all the way through LLS. Cohen (1990) persists that only mindful strategies are LLS, and that there must be a selection about the part of the learner. Strategy transferring from one language or language skill to another is an associated purpose of LLS, as Pearson (1988) and Skehan (1989) have argued. In her teacher-oriented te xt, Oxford sums up her opinion of LLS by citing twelve vital qualities. Additionally, she states that LLSlet learners become more self-directedenlarge the responsibilities of language teachersare problem-orientedinclude many points of view, not just the cognitivecan be educatedare changeableare manipulated by a wide range of factors(Oxford, 1990a, p. 9)2.2.4 Factors Influencing Strategy ChoiceThere are several factors which affect the second language learner with regard to types of strategies she or he chooses to use. Oxford (1994) concluded available research on how the

Culture in the Police Force

market-gardening in the natural law ForceCulture is a mood of life-time, different nations, different countries or even different families have their own shades. in that respect is one occupational burnish intimate the legal philosophy force, that what we c tot everyyed Cop Culture. gibe to Reiner (2000), constabulary occupational cultures flush toilet be defined as a kind of sh be value, beliefs, norms, instituteing practices, and informal rules, law of nature officers will aim these cultures to justify their scats in their world. In this essay, we will talk most the principal features and characteristics associated with nail down culture, likewise we will kick upstairs discuss the principal(prenominal) recent critiques of the previous scholarly envisionings of surcharge culture.Culture is the way of life which varies from place to place, or throws over period. It exists in many forms like, behaviors, attitude or norms, etc. Cop culture is an ecesisal cultur e inwardly the jurisprudence force, it is non the formal rules further when still widely spread indoors the force. These informal rules and sh ar values will not be produce as written manuals. There will not have a ceremony to announce these rules, merely when tender recruits enter the system, during the recruitment and learn period, they will be affectionateized and learn rough the culture. New law of nature officers ar then engaged in following the informal rules as they are all assumed to achieve the same goal. With this unavoidable socialisation, police and nab culture are ever much most interdependent.Many studies eternally engage cop culture as the key debate in contemporary policing, it is because overt concerns that, police is the professionals in our society, their works involve en jeopardyment and risk. They are paid to protect the public safety and prevent plague, so they should take these responsibilities. Public expect and demand police officers t he highest standard of work, but they do not truly understand the complexity of police work. works surrounded by this ambiguous gap, in that respect is a strike for police officers to work out a special way of life to sustain the livelong system.Cop culture involves different underlying values, these whitethorn carry on or guide the polices workings behavior. It can be seen as the reference for police to understand more about(predicate) the way of work and the policing ardor of its organization, or we may say it is a kind a learning behavior. As many criminologists mostly concern about how the cop-culture shapes the ways in which officers use their discretion? we can make use of the police culture to further understand and interpret how the police use the discretion indicator. (Westmarland, L, 2008) Discretion power takes an important role in the police role, police use this particularized authorized power when they have to make decision for their operation. As we all k now, it is impossible to implement the law fully, in that location still have differences between law in practice and law in theory. We cannot write deplete every single case in a rule book, and intercommunicate the police officers to follow them strictly. In this case, police destiny to make trustworthy use of the knowledge learnt from the training school and experiences from the senior(a) officers as references. law of nature have to face thousands of decision making process at their work, for example, whether to mystify or warn a careless driver. Discretion power provides them a wide range of methods to enforce the law correctly. In this case, cop-culture may affect their perception about the criminal behavior or the criminals. Finally, it may change and control the results or even the justice directly.To combine different scholars studies about Cop culture, they tried to list a numerous of features to characterize cop-culture. They are a sense of mission, cynicism/pessi mism, machismo, fly-by-nightness, internal solidarity/social isolation and conservatism.Robert Reiner (2000 111-114) laboriously stress the central feature of cop culture is a sense of mission. Police have a quick sense to protect the public and the weak, as it is not only their job but their way of life. They have tender commitment to this valuable work. About the cynicism/pessimism, it dominated the personalities of police officers. Because their work makes them the painting to dangerous conditions, they become mistrust to the public or even everyone. Machismo is a product of the masculine ethos of the force and the tension built up by the work (Jewkes, Y. Letherby, G., 2002 276), it is a very typical sketch in every police force. With a cult of masculinity and the strong and aggressive self- images, this has gravid influence power on their attitude and behaviors towards offenders, victims and crime.Moreover, Skolnick (1966) introduced another(prenominal) three importan t characteristics in making of cop culture, they are suspiciousness, internal solidarity joined with social isolation and conservatism. It is all started from the job nature of police, the work of police is closely related to to danger and risk. With this nature, police firstly become more suspicious of everyone in the society, probably, they are trained to be suspicious as to kibosh the danger matters as soon as possible, suspicious manner then lead to social isolation which includes isolation from families, friends or the mainstream of community. They may imply that all the people except their colleagues do not understand their works. As internal solidarity is linked with social isolation, they will also be in return reinforced. It is easily to understand that because of that external social isolation, they will become more rely on their working partners, they will feel that only police officers will know and support their works, and thus enhance their internal solidarity. conservatism is related to the traditional image of police, as they are the authority figures which upholding strong legitimate powers in the society, their working style will be worldly-minded too. They will not be easily affected by other norms, such as they should not have any sympathies towards any crime related parties. Also, conservatism makes the police organizations lack of incentive to change and make betters. every last(predicate) of above features are not written as formal rules but they are all known by any police officers. tally to Skolnick (1966), police view themselves as the safeguards of society, they are working in danger and they are required to be suspicious. They study to use their authorities to enforce the law as to protect the society. Within this framework, Skolnick (1966) gratuityed out the police invariably face a dilemma that we are working under public press to achieve results in the form of law enforcement, but we are curb by the rule of law to enforce the law Also, as their work are closely watched by the public every day ( Newburn. T Reiner. R, 2007 918), these give the police work greater pressures, and thus provide them an milieu to develop a set of unique culture for dealing with their works. And public may see this culture as deviant but it has been received and justified as normal in the cop-culture. rough other studies (Wortley, R, K., 1992) also noted Racial prejudice as a feature of cop culture. It is shown that police are targeted a specific scarpers as their policing target informally. They cerebrate they are the authorized m literal judges in the community, so they are allowed to do some prejudge before the formal due-process. The important point is that they usually focus on the minorities and develop a certain unsportsmanlike or discriminative attitude to deal with them.You may ask in what ways the police officers share these cop culture, and does it squarely so undestroyable? According to Andrew Bro wn (199526), culture is a product of historical process. When age and years pass, this has become a set of identical working style within the organization. Experiences are accumulated day by day, and become the tale today. The shared norms and values are easily spread between segment and officers.However, many criminologists wrote to criticize the existence of cop-culture. Most of their studies focused on business of races and gender discrimination, and it raised the public attention on police nuisance of discretion power or even more serious problem like, miscarriage of justice. Different scholars had brought out their complaints about the cop-culture, and have advocated kind of reform to stop the spread and development of the cop-culture.Is that really so serious that we need to restrict this internal culture within the police organization? Some recent scholars like, Chan (1996) and Waddington (2004) started to look cop-culture with a different angles and paint a new pictur e for it. They challenged the previous scholars about their conception of the cop-culture.According to Police (canteen) sub-culture an custody of Waddington, P.A.J (2004), he tried to offer us an alternative view of cop culture which opposed the previous scholars understanding and criticisms about cop-culture. Waddington(2004) verbalise that it is only a canteen culture whereas we can treat it as an oral phenomenon, he emphasized the differences between talk and action( Waddington, 2004 364), we do not need to pay too much attention on their private dialog in such private backstage like canteens where far out-of-door from public. He argued that it is only an act of storytelling. In some case is that senior officers make use of the channel to share their war stories with some overdo manners. However, we should believe the professional training as those police officers have abilities to set its reality and specify whether to take it as reference or not.In addition, it can be a positive thing which provides them opportunity to let loose their emotions as they have already suffered from high pressure on their fooling work. This police occupational culture also provides them an idea of spirit, it fosters a strong sense of cohesion between officers and thus enhances their working attitude. Officers believe that there is a mutual understanding which makes them find their own values within the organization and community. Waddington (2004 375) also described this canteen culture is simply highly-developed by a condition of talking a good engagement , officers just want to glorify themselves, it is also related to their personalities of machismo. The process of glory can definitely increase their self-esteem which makes them work harder and more effectual as to achieve the same goal and to maintain their internal working spirit.Moreover, Waddington, P.A.J. (2004) argued that cop culture is just an in-group culture, it is unnecessary to link this with the p roblem of race or gender discrimination. Also, those characteristics are just the way of police lives, we should not comment it as negative or even to reform their way of lives. It is meaningless to concern about the talk aspect, or we should pay more attention on their action indeed.Another key critique about cop-culture is proposed by Janet Chan (1996) recently. She made 4 main criticisms about the previous conceptions about cop-culture and its abilities to explain cop-culture. Firstly, Reiner (1992 109) stated that the cop culture is not monolithic, universal nor changing. and Chan (1996) argued that the previous definitions are too simple and not universal. She concerns the failure of existing definitions of police culture to account for internal differentiation and jurisdictional differences. (Chan, 1996 111) She stated that there must be different level of police sub-cultures inside the organization, but the previous scholars mostly just focus on the culture of driveway lev el, but they neglected the culture of management level. She criticized that the previous scholars could not provide a full definition and comprehensive conditions of cop-culture.Secondly, Chan (1996) argued that police officers are not like what Reiner (1992 109) described as passive and being ethnic dopes She also criticized Reiner did not make an detailed explanation about socialization of police officers. Every police officer has their own choice to decide whether absorb and transform the values, they will not follow those informal rules blindly. They can separate which are hero stories and which are real works and real world.Thirdly, Chan (1996 112) proposed that A theory of police culture must, therefore, situate culture in the political and social context of policing. As the police is closely related to the society, it is impossible to extremely separated them. However, Chan (1996) found that the previous scholars failed to do this. No matter the street level and management l evel officers also need to respond to the public reaction. About those problems of injustice or corruption, police organization still have to react to these scandals.The final criticism is closely linked with the previous criticisms, according to Chan (1996112), an all-powerful, homogeneous and deterministic conception of the police culture insulated from the external environment leaves little scope for a cultural change. She stated that the previous scholars were failed to examine the scope and possibilities for changing this cop-culture.Almost thirty years ago, people are started to pay attention on the police occupational culture which we named as cop culture nowadays. Police take an important role in our society, a minimal difference between their behaviors may result very differently. Most of the studies are focus on the street cop culture, especially those patrol officers. Cop culture is the shared values and norms within the police officers, although this culture will be vari es from place to place, there are still some standard features in general. However, many scholars always defined cop culture as something negative and destructive to society. subsequently a period of time, some current scholars argued that those previous criticisms about cop culture may not be correct in all cases, and made a newly and clear way for us to understand the concept about cop culture.

The Monetary And Fiscal Policies Of Portugal Economics Essay

The M startary And Fiscal Policies Of Portugal Economics EssayI. substructure Portugal macroeconomic post before the crisis.Despite economic and m sensationtary crises see to be regarded as unusual and rare, in reality they are commonalty events. Particularly, Portugal has already seen its worst monetary crisis in 1891. This crisis light-emitting diode Portugal to abandon the capital standard and the country was banned from borrowing in international pecuniary commerces during 20 eld (Lains, 2007, p. 485). Since then, Portugal has radically changed, however, its weakness in facing the crises has remained.During the give guidance economic and monetary crisis that started in August 2008, the Portuguese economy was caught in the middle of a flow of adjustment during which was already facing up to the need to correct its fiscal and external im quietuss at bottom a bod of low increment with pro-cyclical policies (Torres, 2009, p.55). This period started in the pres ent moment half of nineties with the entryion to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and was characterized by an economic sail by way of which was followed by a slump. As a matter of fact, Blanchard (2007, p.1), two years before the crisis, nationd that the Portuguese economy is in serious derange Productivity development is anemic. crop is very low. The cipher deficit is large. The incumbent line deficit is very large.Although, from 1995 to 2001, Portugal was in a catching-up phase benefiting from overbearing wealth effects of EMU ( disgrace care judges which supported the reformr of the domestic demand), the authorized account deficit rose drastically and the unemployment tempo fell to ab aside 4% (figure 1). The reason behind the increase in the current account deficit was, indeed, the low take of unemployment which boosted the nominal take to increase much than the labour productiveness provoking a broad raise in unit of measurement labour salute and a go down in competitiveness. Moreover, the indebtedness of households and non-financial enterprises was incrfill-in because of the elimination of the exchange appraise stake, the vex to the euro bond market, and the lower interest rank, two nominal and real, heap by the European Central believe (Blanchard, 2007).As result, from 2000 to 2003, savings dropped and investings increased, therefore the current account deficit slightly cliffd. The Portuguese economy slowed down and then contracted in 2003.The subsequent slump was the result of the large imbalances built up during the phase of flourish. For instance, the superior levels of consumption were not counterbalanced by the supply which had to deal with low productiveness growth and increasing unit labour cost. As a matter of fact, figure 1 shows a combined upward kink of unemployment and current account deficit amidst 2003 and 2005, and the attempt to reverse it through the budgetary consolidation process re-assumed by the socialist majority cheek elected in 2005 (Blanchard, 2007) (Torres, 2009).To sum up, control panel 1 and table 2 offer an overview of the macroeconomic imbalances during the phase of the boom 1995-2000 and the one of the slump 2001-2007. plank 1. Macroeconomic evolutions, 1995-2001. Source Blanchard (2007)Table 2. existent and projected Macroeconomic evolutions, 2001-2007. Source Blanchard (2007)The growth rate was rather high in the timeframe 1995-2000, then, since 2001 it started falling in the subsequent years. The current account and the budget surplus were in deficit over the whole observed period and the productivity growth started to be very low since the year 2000 make the raise of the unit labour cost.It was grand to describe the macroeconomic situation of Portugal prior to the crisis in gild to explain, in the next sections, how those problems stir been aggravate since 2008. In fact, the phase of slump was prolonged by the financial crisis occurred in 200 8.II. policy ResponsesPrior to analyze the European and Portuguese policy responses to the major financial crisis that the whole world is facing since 1929, it is of the essence(p) to point out what kind of crisis our society is dealing with. The main cause of the crisis may be ascribed to the crisis of derivative market in the United States. In oddly, it started from the so-called subprime mortgage crisis which was the result of a speculative bubble in the house market in the United States. Starting from the United Stated, it has spread by causing ruptures across many other countries in the configuration of financial failures and a global mention c electric arcch.The main ( arrangingic) Portuguese believes search not to be especially exposed to the so-called financial toxic assets and, unlike in Ireland or Spain, there was no speculative bubble in the housing market in Portugal nor is there a subprime segment in the reference work to the housing orbit. (Banco do Portugal, 2008 as cited in Torres 2009)However, according to Torres (2009, p.56)Portugal, a shrimpy economy sufficient integrated in economic and financial terms, is particularly affected by the global financial crisis and economic recession. This is not so much due to the international exposure of the Portuguese wedgeing sector (the Iceland syndrome) simply primarily to the countrys long protracted correction of its fiscal and external imbalances, which infuriate its creditworthiness and aggravate the costs of servicing the debt and the countrys perceived risk of insolvency (an Argentinean type of problem, without the risk of a currency crisis as long as the eurozone remains in place).One of the main consequences of the financial crisis was, indeed, the credit crunch. During the end decades, the European banking carcass has changed from a system where the bank was the go-between for investments between families and factories, into a reinvigorated system where there are large money-c entre banks which play the role of the intermediary amongst regional banks, in other words, they distri stille funds among regional banks. The banking crisis has occurred in Europe because of two related reasons. The large money-centre banks that provide the backbone of the inter-bank alter market are undercapitalised. With their low capitalisation, they are vulnerable to even low-pitched swings in market conditions. Any liquidity problem, thus, turns almost immediately into a solvency problem. Because of this vulnerability they did not trust each other, thus paralysing the inter-bank market.2.1 European Policy ResponsesFor the Euro-area countries, the monetary policy is unique and conducted by the European Central bank (ECB). Since the atmosphere of mistrust, caused by the crisis, was no longer confined to the interbank market, but it was to a fault spreading among ordinary citizens and consumers, the European policy-makers figured out that one contingent solution was to put in to effect measures which contain two elements in order to restart the interbank summateing support for the liquidity management of banks and bank re-capitalisation. The send-off element concerns the extraordinary measures interpreted at European level and the second one the bank rescue measures adopted at national level.As a matter of fact, firstly, the ECB has been trim down the rate for its main refinancing trading operations from 4,25% to 1,5%, in the timeframe October 2008 March 2009, in order to prevent contagion by providing short-run liquidity support on the interbank markets. Such interest rate cuts subscribe provided significant relief to the highly indebted Portuguese economy (Torres, 2009). However, if Portugal could dedicate managed the monetary policy on its own, probably it would bear set a lower interest rate which combined with the initiative for strengthening financial stableness (discussed in detail in the next section) could throw away led to the reestab lishment of bank lending standards at pre-crisis level. In other words, the upward turn out of the credit diffusion index, starting in the last quarter of 2008, could have continued to increase instead of contracting in 2009 (figure 3).Moreover, a hammy reduction in real interest rates is the main convey through which fiscal consolidation can increase demand in the short run. Since this is not the crusade for Portugal, as the nominal interest rate is determined for the eurozone as a whole, while a deficit reduction is needed, it would be unwise to expect it to lead, by itself, to higher(prenominal) demand and lower unemployment or to a boom in investment, and through capital accumulation, to a substantial improvement in competitiveness (Blanchard, 2007, p.8-9).Secondly, the ECB has promoted coordination and cooperation between national supervisors through the European System of Central Banks Banking Supervision Committee. As result, the promoted cooperation engaged both(pren ominal) the Euro-area and the European Union (EU) in an expansionary coordinated anti-cyclical fiscal stance (Torres, 2009, pp. 56-59).To hike improve the EU coordinated approach, the European Commissions response was to launch the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) whose strategic headings is to avoid a plenteous recession by promoting a counter-cyclical macro-economic response to the crisis in the form of an compulsive set of actions to support the real economy. The plan consisted of an immediate budgetary input amounting to 1.5% of EU gross domestic product, a number of priority actions, grounded in the Lisbon Strategy, and intentional at the same time to adapt our economies to long-term challenges, continuing to impose structural reforms aimed at raising probable growth and a set of EU guidelines to be followed by the member States (European Commission, 2008).harmonize to Bnassy-Qur et al. (2009, p.39), out-of-ordinary methods are used in a financial crisis becauseth e traditional transmission of policy rates to lending rates is hampered by the dysfunctional state of money markets. This happens at two levels first, the interbank rate (the rate at which banks lend liquidity to each other) diverges from the central banks policy rate because banks fearing counterparty default toll risk accordingly second, the spread between the commercial banks lending rate and the interbank rate increases both because of higher risk premiums and because banks seek to increase their profits.According to Meier (2009, p. 6), a switch to improper policy may be move by the severe turmoil in credit markets. With the financial sector in crisis, policy rate cuts are not only restrain by the zero bound, but may also be little good than during normal times. The reason is the sharp tightening of credit conditions, as lenders have curtailed loan supply and certain sources of capital market supporting have all but disappeared. Indeed, such dislocations can provide a r ationale for launching unconventional policies even before interest rates hit the lower bound. In sum, unconventional monetary policies serve both as a complement and as an extension of standard operations centered around the setting of short-term interest rates. One of the unconventional actions is the so-called outright asset purchase, a technique to decrease the random variable between interbank and lending rates.Furthermore, Meier (2009) provides a categorization of such operations, distinguishing between soft easing, as sterilized interventions that do not involve an increase in the central banks balance sheet, and quantitative easing, as unsterilized interventions implying an increase in base money. Unlike the US and the UK, in the Eurozone the direct purchase of government debt instruments is forbidden by art. 101 of the EC Treaty, therefore quantitative easing is not contemplated. Figure 2 shows how liquidity provisions and out-of-the-ordinary policies, adopted by ECB, Fed eral Reserve ( ply) and Bank of England (BOE), increased the size of the central banks balance sheets. Assets hold by the ECB are about 50% lower than FED and BOE because they executes quantitative ease operations (Bnassy-Qur et al. 2009, pp. 42-44).2.2 Portuguese Policy ResponsesWith the financial crisis Portugal has re-focused its economic policy from budgetary consolidation to an anti-cyclical budgetary policy hunting expedition to support households, investment, employment and, last but not least, to strengthen financial stability (MFAP 2009 as cited in Torres 2009).At the end of 2008, to guarantee stability of the financial system and to safeguard the households deposits held by credit institutions, the Portuguese government, avocation the trend of the other member states, decided to save two banks the Banco Portugus de Negcios (BPN) and the Banco Privado Portugus (BPP). In particular, BPN was nationalized and BPP was granted a guarantee for a bank loan provided by a group of banks. Although the dimension of those banks was baseborn, the government feared that the potential loss incurred by many small depositors could generate a run of bank depositors in full general, putting at risk the stability of the financial system (Torres, 2009, p.61).The second measure to strengthen financial stability was taken in October 2008 when the Portuguese Ministry of finance and public administration announced the s of the Initiative for strengthening financial stability (ISFS) in order to suffice to the substantial external shock, to which it was being subject, due to severe liquidity restrictions in international financial and money markets. The ISFS was aim to enhance conditions for credit institutions access to liquidity in financial markets and was based on granting State guarantees for the financing of credit institutions.According to MFAP(2008), this Initiative(i) Enhances the confidence in the domestic financial system(ii) Permits timely intervention adapted to market conditions(iii) Is temporary, remaining effective only while market conditions have not returned to normal(iv) Safeguards the interest of depositors and valuatepayers(v) Allows the shareholders and managers of banks to be held accountable whenever prerequisite and fosters the adoption of good corporate governance principles, in accordance with best international practices(vi) Safeguards the interests of the market in general and a level playing field among competitors, in particular.According to Torres (2009, p. 60), the aim of the coordinated guarantees on newborn issuance of bank debt was to address reenforcement problems of liquidity-constrained but solvent banks. Thus, this initiative was a viable and less pricy source of funding to allow banks to issue new debts.A ternionly measure was to take advantage of the increased flexibility of the perceptual constancy and Growth Pact (SGP) to pay outstanding state debts under the form of a program for the extraordinary settlement of the states debts to suppliers (Council of Ministers Resolution no. 191-A/2008 of 27 November as cited in Torres 2009).However, in my opinion the results of those initiatives were rather limited. I can, indeed, argue that, in Portugal, bank lending standards are tightening. In support to my opinion, figure 3 provides an evidence the largest observed swing occurred from the last quarter of 2007 to the last one of 2008 when the diffusion index dropped sharply to the minimum observed value, representing the credit crunch. To measure the effects of the ISFS it is sufficient to look at the trend starting from the last quarter of 2008, the upswing lasts for only a quarter to stabilize at the level of about minus 45% compared to the pre-crisis conditions.The 19th of January 2009, the Portuguese government updated the Stability and growth Program for 2008-11. Following the EU guidelines concerning EERP, the government incorporated in the SGP program the Investment and Employm ent Initiative Program (IEIP), as fully consistent with the National Reform Plan for 2008-2010 (within the framework of the Lisbon Strategy), as it also aimed at contributing to addressing the countrys structural weaknesses. The draft law creating the IEIP was constitute of five structural measures including several projects or actions to support households and businesses next to those aimed at combating the rise in interest rates and in the terms of raw(a) materials and food products and credit restrictions, which had already been envisaged in the state budget for 2009.. The IEIP was pass judgment to have a budgetary impact of about 0.8 per cent of GDP in 2009 (about 0.5 increase in expenditure and 0.3 reduction in tax in portion of GDP).The five measures weremodernization of schoolsfostering renewable energies, heartiness efficiency and energy transmission radicalmodernization of technological infrastructure and new generation broadband networksspecial support to economic activity, exports and SME defend employment and strengthening social protection (Torres, 2009).1). Higher investment in human capital help to avoid the risk of depression of productivity performance. In Portugal the educational attainment of the working-age population is low and the intergenerational educational mobility has been squashy. Furthermore, the international student performance survey (PISA) shows that Portuguese students are below the OECD norm (figure 4). To increase efficiency, the smallest schools have been closed and changes to the teachers timetable are allowing a more effective allocation of human resources. Moreover, upper- indirect education has been diversified to incorporate technical and vocational courses (OECD 2009).and 3). Portugal might take advantage of the temporary increase in disbursement under the recovery plan to promote a leap transport to new competitive green goods and technologies. There is a clear case for the world, and for the EU to mainta in its leadership in the process, and even more so for a small country like Portugal, to address climate change and the financial crisis at the same time by building up a competitive basis for sustainable drivement (Torres, 2009, p.66).Activity collapsed at the end of 2008 under the weight of the global economic crisis. The huge crash in external demand was caused by the falling activity in a number of Portugals major export markets, particularly Spain which accounts for about 25% of portuguese total exports. Moreover, insufficient harmonization of regulations with major trading partners seem to have impeded trade, particularly in values. Despite the governments announcement of special revenue measures the deterioration in economic activity without merely reductions in government outlays, or a more rapid economic upturn, means that the budget deficit could rise above 4.5% in 2010 and to increase further in 2011. The deterioration in economic activity was partly caused by the ad ministrative burdens on business. Starting, running, and closing a business have been hampered by onerous regulation, including a cumber round licensing regime that has weakened competition and, thus, productivity growth throughout the economy (OECD, 2008, 2009a, 2009c European Commission 2009). Figure 5 provides evidence that Portuguese burden on business in the form of regulation are higher than EU honest.Productivity growth has been sluggish during the last decade, lagging behind the OECD average with a decreasing trend since 1990 (figure 6), partly on account of labour market rigidities such as high employment protection and insufficient human capital accumulation. Those weaknesses have led to a further widening of the large productivity shift with respect to the Eurozone. The protection of workers against individual dismissal has been the most restrictive in the OECD, with very cumbersome procedures, as clearly highlighted in figure 7. The new lawmaking put forward by the Po rtuguese government is aimed to importantly simplify dismissal procedures. However, protection of regular workers against dismissals go out remain more restrictive than in the average OECD country. Therefore, it is essential to enforce the reform measures because tighter credit conditions, weak exports, and subdued internal demand depressed business investment in 2009 and led to a labour shedding and an increase in the unemployment rate which is projected to reach a double-digit rate in 2010 (OECD , 2008, 2009c European Commission 2009).According to Blanchard (2007), Portugal is today in a scenario of Competitive disinflation, be as a period of sustained high unemployment, leading to lower nominal wage growth until relative unit labor cost have decreased, competitiveness has improved, the current account deficit has decreased, and demand and railroad siding have recovered.If we look at the Real Effective Exchange aim (REER) of a country, an instrument which can be used to asses s price or cost competitiveness relative to the position of the countrys principal competitors, it is roaring to notice that Portugal has considerably lost competitiveness against Germany since 1995 (figure 8). A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness taking into account productivity changes via the movement in comparative unit costs (Hugh, 2009). Therefore, as this trend is going on since 15 years it is hard to run off it without huge efforts and structural reforms.In the context of the budgetary policy, in 2008, Portugal has also taken action to reduce taxes through the cut of one percentage point of the VAT rate, the creation of a general corporate income tax rate of 12,5% and the reduction of advance income tax payments for SME (State Budget, 2009).Nevertheless, the fiscal position has deteriorated significantly in 2009 reflecting weaker economic conditions, lower revenues and spending rises to support the economy. Fiscal input signal measures focusing on public in vestment, support to companies and exports and social assistance will directly increase the budget deficit (OECD, 2009a, 2009b).Torres (2009, p. 65) argued thatIn a small open economy like Portugal, fiscal policy has limited long suit with regard to influencing aggregate demand. This applies even more to the current environment of financial distress and uncertainty, where banks will try to de-leverage and households to save. Moreover, the Portuguese economy is already particularly exposed due to its fragile financial position, as reflected in its store external imbalances, which puts at stake the markets confidence in the sustainability of public finances. stipulation the risks involved for the costs of servicing the debt and ultimately for its solvency and permanence in EMU, it seems essential for the government to credibly pre-commit to medium-term budgetary objectives. It thereby signals its determination to pursue fiscal consolidation in spite of the temporary stimulating mea sures adopted within the EERP and to ensure that those exceptional measures do not mark a deviance from budgetary sustainability.Moreover, external debt has been high and rising (figure 9) and, thus, leading Portugal to become the third eurozone economy to undergo a long-term credit rating reduction, to AA minus, by Standard Poors because of its failure to tackle deteriorating public finances (Torres, 2009, p.64).Finally, last but not least, Portugal is undergoing a strong disinflation process which is highlighted by the fall of the Consumer impairment Index to its minimum levels (figure 10).European Central Bank council member and Bank of Portugal Governor Vitor Constancio is aware of the danger and has indicated that the ECB is prepared to reduce borrowing costs further to prevent inflation slowing significantly below its 2 percent jacket crown, even going so far, if necessary, as to introduce some variant of quantitative easing. He still thinks it wont happen, but he is well aware of the possibility, as indeed we all should be (Hugh, 2009, p. 21).To conclude, it is important to point out that the inflation is expected to be under the OECD average during the whole 2010 to catch-up with the OECD countries after 2011 (figure 11). Furthermore, the danger of the risk of disinflation is real as shown in figure 12, where the harmonized index of consumer prices is expected to remain below the ceiling of 2% during the whole projected period.Conclusions What should be done?The policy responses synopsis has highlighted serious structural problems for Portugal and, as a matter of fact, Portuguese growth is expected to lag behind the OECD average during the whole 2010 and 2011 (figure 13).SUM UP PROBLEMSIn fact, despite Portugal has made significant progress in fiscal consolidation and has launched important structural reforms to modernize the economy and enhance growth, in my opinion, additional structural reforms, in order to find a way out from the crisis, are s till necessary, notably, in the following areasEducationThe secondary education attainment should be improved since human capital represents one of the main durable determinants of growth in the long run. Moreover, reforming the educational system might enhance productivity performance. According to OECD (2009c), the reform should increase the equaliser of education spending on non-wage items, continue to strengthen teachers on the job-training and to develop vocational and technical education and, finally, Portugal should fully implement a performance-based valuation and career-progression system for teachers.EmploymentOne of the clearest examples of the problems highlighted by the crisis is to be found in the stagnation of the labour market. It is essential to reform employment protection legislation with proposals aimed at enhancing the adaptability of the labour force, to address rigidities in labour market regulations and improve the efficiency of active labour market program s otherwise the strictness of the Portuguese employment protection will continue to have negative effects on growth and productivity (OECD 2009c). Moreover, the unemployment rate is expected to be higher than the OECD average during the next two years (figure 14).Concerning the slow productivity growth problem, Blanchard (2007, p.8-20) suggests a decrease in nominal honorarium. Even if it sounds exotic, it can substantially reduce the employment cost of the adjustment. However, in Portugal today, the labor law forbids unjustifiable wage decreases and in practice rules out decreases in nominal wages for economic reasons.BusinessA deepening of the reform process is needful to create a dynamic business environment by reducing the administrative burdens on business. Despite the importance of the recent reforms, a full implementation of them is essential. Competition in the whole economy should also be strengthened through investment in key infrastructure sectors, such as telecommunica tions, electricity and transportation, to enhance the quality, efficiency and quantity of the services they provide. This would have a direct effect on the cost-competitiveness of firms in Portugal, facilitate trade flows, domestically and internationally and make Portugal a more attractive speech for FDI, which has the potential to boost productivity ().Finally, OECD (2009c) recommends to harmonize regulations with major trading partners, including service sector standards and qualification requirements.Tax systemA reform is necessary to simplify the tax system, broaden the corporate tax base and decrease tax expenditures in order to reduce fiscal imbalances. Designing and implementing fiscal consolidation remains a priority for Portugal because the deficit needs to be reduced. Silva (2008) provides empirical evidence that, in Portugal, taxes negatively affect productivity because an increase in the taxes decreases consumption, capital, output and welfare. Moreover, he states that for Portugal taxes are able to yell the pattern of the labour supply over the years. Therefore, the government should take into favor how a tax system reform might serve a double objective raise the productivity and reduce fiscal imbalances.Nevertheless, Table 3. Actual and projected Macroeconomic evolutions, 2001-2007. Source OECD

Cases of Violence in Sports and How They Should Be Handled :: Art

Cases of hysteria in Sports and How They Should Be HandledViolence in sports will everlastingly be a immense issue although I dont think it will incessantly be truly resolved. In sports there is ambition and where there is opposition people are striving to be the best. There is a atomic reactor of strong emotion when people are trying to win for themselves or for their squad. In sports as long as there is competition and mettlesome emotion, there will always be the potential for violence. The intense competition that is a part of sports can and often does lead to violence. The violence isnt always among the players of the sports being played. At a nine-year old soccer game in call downn Island parents of opposing teams became engaged in a verbal fight all over a call that a referee made and it became a big brawl between parents. This shows the kids at that game that if their parents can engage in a fight with the opposing teams parents then that makes it right to throw an elbow joint in a game or shove someone. Yet in professional sports it isnt the athletes most of the time. Usually the fans are the ones to cause the riots and fights. Especially in the sport of soccer, the fans take the sport so serious and they arent even vie in the game. Unhappy Corinthian fans said that the players were slacking off and so the fans gave the team a piece of their own mind by invade the field, cursing at the players and punching their own team. Corinthian fans have been sleep togethern to process against there own team in unfavorable times. These are apparently not true fans. A few years ago Latrell Spreewell was in an incident where he choked his coach. This brought major conflict to the NBA they did not know what to do with Latrell. At the time he was on the Golden State Warriors, they needed to make the playoffs and to do this they needed Latrell. But to let him physically and orally assault his own coach and to get away with it, who knows what vitrine of controversy this could bring to the hoops world. They had to do something with Latrell but what? If they suspended him, the team would have no chance of getting to the playoffs and, without the possibility of winning the basketball championship, which would mean a dramatic decrease of income on the behalf of the Warriors.

The Great Gatsby- Do s really love cars and money? :: essays research papers fc

The Great Gatsby- Do s really contend cars and notes?In F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Gatsby attempts to be obtain his American dream with large consumption. Fitzgerald uses symbols of flagrant consumption in money, cars and houses to show that the American dream of wealthiness and possessions doesnt necessarily ensure happiness. The concept of conspicuous consumption is greatly exemplified in The Great Gatsby, by all of the characters existence in possession of excessive amounts of property and money. Money is the get-all give-all in Gatsbys version of the American dream. If one can obtain lots of money to impress the women, then he must have it made Realists discord with this mindset. Gatsby wants her to see his house, she explained. And your Nicks house is right next door (84). Gatsby wants to display his wealth to Daisy, so she will be impressed with him. The different eggs arrange the standings of peoples money. Gatsby in on the West, which is the people who do nt have any(prenominal) real standing, even when they have lots of money. The West Egg represents the refreshful money, or the money that was earned, not inherited. Daisy, the woman that Gatsby has always wanted, lives on vitamin E Egg. This is Gatsby displaying conspicuous consumption towards Daisy. Not only Gatsby displays this trait, however. Referring to Mr. Wolfshiems cufflinks, which were composed of fishily familiar pieces of ivory.Finest specimens of human molars, he informed me (77). This is a display of mortal who has bought cufflinks merely for the reason of buying, using the excess money he has. This conspicuous consumption get a man nowhere but in awe of equally lost people. People who are stuck in disbursement money also display their level of social status with their car.The machine has always been a kind of status symbol in the get together States. Expensive cars are associated with the possession of great wealth. Gatsbys car is described as the epitome of we alth. Gatsby bought his car in order to convey his material success. This is the fomite that kills Myrtle and indirectly leads to Gatsbys own . The automobile is stressed once again and again throughout the story and is used in the end to prove that a dream based on materialism alone will in the end be destructive. Gatsby saw ...me Nick looking with admiration at his car. Its pretty, isnt it, old sport? He jumped off to give me a better view.

How Much Television is Too much? Essay -- Media Entertainment Essays

How Much Television is too untold?How much tv set is too much? Well on an average, children spend 25 hours a week watching tv set. And whos to say its flat quality stuff that theyre watching? This is a big interrogative mood among many, if not all, American families. plurality today spend more time watching television than on any other single vacuous activity. In fact, studies take away shown that the average child spends more time in front of the television than in school. (Patterson, 2001) Television was once an educator, but extra time is gradually ruining our youth. Television is not necessarily all advantageously or all bad, but maybe its just influencing hoi polloi more than needed.Although it seems more corruptive than anything, television can be employ as a great learning tool. The news is a major(ip) comp hotshotnt of being informed about whats going on in our society and country. An example is the attack of the World Trade Centers. People were informed of what was happening, whats going to happen next, and how we could help. Another aspect is The training Channel (TLC), in which we be informed of many things regularly taught in school, such as births, different kinds of creatures, and about space and the Earth. The History Channel, as well, can be watched to learn about past wars and historical people. For children, cartoons have become a way for them to learn basic knowledge. Such cartoons are Sesame Street, Reading Rainbow, and Blues Clues, which are very educational and do not have to be monitored by parents, because the material should be fitting for younger children. If television is such a big learning tool, then(prenominal) wheres the problem? Although watching television doesnt seem identical such a big issue, it is. Many hous... ...ne day without watching television? The people I asked were a random group of students. The results were almost firm with a whopping 89% saying no they couldnt go a day without t elevision, 8% said yes as long as they had the internet, and the other 3% said yes they could go without either (television or the internet) for one day. This goes to show just how much TV influences our daily schedules.In conclusion, television is a big impact on everyday lives. Without television where would we be? There are lessons-small lessons, enormous lessons, lessons that may be crucial to the major planets persistence as a green and diverse station and also to the happiness of its inhabitants-that nature teaches and TV cant. (McKibben, 1992) I cogitate he summed it up pretty well. Although TV was, is, and always will be a great invention, time doesnt involve around it.

interior with a book :: essays research papers

The moving-picture show I chose to critique is Interior with a declare. This painting was instantly harmonic to me. The painting focuses on an empty chair in a manner next to a table. On top of the table there is a cup closest to the chair. Next to that there is an open book, and on the mightily edge of the painting there is an empty plate on the table. If you project out the window, you will see a big green electron orbit. The intellect this painting was so appealing to was because this field looks like a play course to me. I can see a sand snare on the left hand edge of the painting close to the house the look is taken from. Also, there is what appears to be a winding raceway glide slope down the center of the field which could be a cart path leading to a green. The painting appears to be done in oils which would be a good choice for this painting. Painting with oils allows the painter to blend colour together and adds a lot of depth to the picture. This is impera tive for many of the objects in this painting such as the field and the sky.Interior with a Book looks to be a figural painting but one could deal that there are some parts that are nonobjective or abstract. A person can see most of the images in the painting and they are forms in the natural world, thus making it a representational painting. However, there are ii black spots that appear to be outside the window that I cannot make out exactly what they are, then maybe making this part nonobjective. On the other hand, with this picture tone so much like a golf course to me these two black spots could represent distorted golfers getting ready to bridle in a ball, making this part abstract.One of the properties of this painting is that the field is made up of an analogous harmony. The field is made up of green, yellow-green, and yellow. The subject of this is that the field appears to have different shades of green grass, such as a rough, a fairway, and a green. Another property of this painting is the noninterchangeable balance. The painting is heavier to the left because the chair, being the central image in the painting, is to the left of it.

Science vs Religion Essay -- Religion vs Education Essays

Religion is part of the human make-up. Its also part of our cultural and intelligent history. Religion was our first attempt at literature, the texts, our first attempt at cosmology, making sense of where we are in the universe, our first attempt at health care, believing in faith healing, our first attempt at philosophy.--- Christopher Hitchens With the loud protests of a small phone number of religious groups over doctrine scientific concepts like evolution and the Big Bang in domain schools, and the equally loud proclamations of a few scientists with personal, anti-religious philosophies, it can sometimes bet as though science and righteousness are at war. watchword outlets offer plenty of reports of school board meetings, congressional sessions, and Sunday sermons in which scientists and religious leaders launch attacks at one another. But rightful(prenominal) how representative are such conflicts? Not very. The attention given to such clashes glosses over the far m ore numerous cases in which science and religion harmoniously coexist. The fact is, there are a great number of Americans out there ...

Reflection in a Stranger Essay -- Essays Papers

Reflection in a otherBeing on a college campus, you are surrounded by numerous different kinds of people. Whether you get to greet them person all toldy or you just know the familiar faces, some of those people will remind you of friends at domicile, family members, neighbors, and steady yourself. This is what I produce experienced here at UVM. I deal met so many people that make water certain characteristics that remind me of the friends from home whom I miss dearly. that most of all, it is the people I encounter that remind me of myself that impacts me the most.It is well known that eating disorders are a conundrum in our society, and college campuses are a place where that problem is magnified a bit. Not to say that all the girls I am thinking of have eating disorders a few do, and the others are maybe on the verge. But it is seeing these girls where I see myself, and it makes me cringe inside.I dont even know how the disease got a hold of me. That is one of the deep things about anorexia nervosa, it kind of creeps up on you. I was incessantly tall and thin growing up. I never really mind about my weight or my body for that matter. I was always spry in different sports, and never thought I pick outed to withdraw weight.When I entered high school I continued playing basketball game and running track. But in high school these sports were more competitive. I wasnt a great basketball player, but I wanted to be. I began to train during the off season, especially for basketball, playing every solar day in the summer. And the work paid off, I made the varsity basketball team my sophomore year, and also placed seventh in the suppose track meet running the 300 meter hurdles. But that solely caused me to set more expectations for myself. The varsi... .... They need to find a person they religious belief that can convince them that they need help. And they need to see it inside themselves that they have a problem. What bothers me just as much is seeing girls trying all these diets to lose weight, when they really dont need to. It just reminds me of how I got sucked into an addictive behavior, which started in that same way. There are a few people on campus that I have met and grown close with that I have talked to about their eating problems. I told them my story and told them that if they ever need anything to just ask. I told them how I recovered and how it is a long exploit and it is really up to you. And I told them I know how it feels to be in that situation. I only hope that they will find it in themselves to choose the help offered to them by their friends and family, and understand that they are not alone.