MakerSpaces ( by use PRINCE2 and Design Thinking method ) Term Paper

MakerSpaces ( by use PRINCE2 and Design Thinking method ) - Term Paper Example Then discuss these at your next group meeting. The forms that you are completing in the early weeks of the course, aim to foster and document your initial ideas. Later in the course you can expand on these as you develop the actual Business Case response. The most ideal use for the Makerspace would be to provide a place for students from high school level to the college or university level to be able to pull academic resources for references and be able to share technological projects ideas. This increases the productivity levels of the students by working as a team. The group is for the idea that the demographic study showed a higher percentage of the student population aged between 18 to 25 years in most of the households, than the age group between 25 to 35 years. Thus it would be most ideal if the Makerspace would favor the students’ education, technological research, discussions and projects. Design Thinking (and for that matter good project management) asks you to gather information from your demographic audience – your potential audiences / users. In a design thinking framework, you would interview or observe some of your users and then develop a narrative or story around their project need. Draft TWO stories that use demographic data to help define a user and product of your group’s potential project. For example: â€Å"Teenagers interested in electronics will be able to design and build simple iPhone apps using the provided hardware and instruction and thus develop a basic programming skill that could enhance their application for VET or university application†. The implication in this narrative is a teenage demographic and need for educational support. University students’ focus is based on technological research and projects as opposed to studying. The space will be able to provide technological tools and software tool resources to enable the innovative minds to develop new generation

The History of Religion in the US Essay Example for Free

The History of Religion in the US Essay When you think of religion in the United States and how it started you may think of the first settlers. These were not the first being to worship a higher power in the United States. The Indians believed in and worshiped The Great Spirit. Despite the many tribes like the Sioux and Iroquois they all had the same belief in The Great Spirit. The Great Spirit could be present in animals as well as inanimate objects. They all developed great ceremonies to on it. Then came the colonists, the first settlers, who were predominantly protestant these settlers left their home countries because of religion. They did not want to be told how to worship their God. These colonists were Christians but as they began to settle, those with different beliefs separated themselves and developed new segments of religion. The puritans left their country to escape religious prosecution. They later developed the religions of Baptist and Congressionalist’s. Their religion was based on the teachings of John Calvin, and was thought to purify the religion of the Church of England. Their religions eventually lead to self isolation and witch hunts of people who did not follow their religion. The Methodists were a group of Oxford University Students. They were not fleeing religious prosecution when they arrived. The Methodist Church as become the second largest Protestant Church in the United States today. The History of Religion in the United States Christa Hart Lutherans were like no other American Christian denomination; their national origin did play an important role in their history. Members came from Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. The Lutherans settled on the East Coast and American Midwest, and celebrated worship services in their native tongues. Presbyterians who bore little resemblance to the liturgy, structure, and tradition associated with the Roman Catholic Church, the Presbyterian and Reformed churches share a common origin in the teachings of John Calvin. Their belief structure and practices are centered on the Bible and â€Å"the sovereignty of God.† Presbyterians make up one of the largest branches of Protestant Christianity today. The next religion, the Quakers, were founded in 1647 by English preacher George Fox, the Society of Friends emphasized a direct relationship with God. One’s conscience, not the Bible, was the ultimate authority on morals and actions. The state I live in Pennsylvania was founded by the Quakers, specifically William Penn, as a religious sanctuary. Quakers did not have a clergy or dedicated church buildings, and therefore held their meetings in which participants deliberated silently on issues and spoke up when â€Å"the Spirit moved them.† Dressed in plain clothes, Quakers preferred a simple life over one enjoyed by the aristocracy of England and the burgeoning merchant class in the colonies. They also shared an abhorrence of violence. I find my beliefs, even though I The History of Religion in the United States Christa Hart follow or believe in no God, similar, that if you were to need the faith in religion, you should not need to have a specific building, life style or presence in society to practice that religion. That doing so just creates a difference among people creating more separation in a race that should be united. And violence should never be tolerated, growing up in a house hold where violence and abuse was common place, this is a rule that people in my life need to abide by. The oldest Christian churches: Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, have left their unique stamp on the history of religion in America. Called liturgical for their adherence to an elaborate, set form of ritualistic worship practices, most of those churches observe seven sacraments throughout their members’ lives, whereas later Christian denominations usually celebrated only two. Anglicanism, The Church of England (later the Episcopal Church in the U.S.) was first planted on American soil at the ill-fated Roanoke Colony in Virginia, when their first services were held on August 13, 1687. Since that landing, they grew and experienced numerous schisms. Their worship services are similar in some ways to those of Roman Catholicism, and their clergy orders are the same: bishops, priests, and deacons. The History of Religion in the United States Christa Hart Eastern Orthodoxy in America consists of more than a dozen church bodies whose national origin is reflected by their names, such as the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese, Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America, and the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia. Eastern Orthodox beliefs are based on holy tradition, or doctrines from early Christianity, and the Bible. Utopian communities were established in America as places where followers would not waiver could achieve a perfect religious, political and social system. The first community was established by a group of Dutch Mennonites in 1663 near what is now Lewes, Delaware. When the constitution was written it stated in the first amendment which is called the â€Å"Establishment Clause†, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† Also, the relationship between religion and politics was established in the Article VI of the First Amendment that states, â€Å"No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.† The definition of the separation of church and state found in the U.S. Constitution has caused more disagreement than any other in the nation’s history. The History of Religion in the United States Christa Hart This is a continuously tried amendment, to be challenged by people of religion who try to push their religion or a religion on anyone and everyone who would listen. Just like prayers in schools are constantly pushed by religious politicians. It should not be anyone’s choice on what to believe, it is for a person to decide solely on their own through age and experiences. Religion has continued to change over the decades as more and more immigrants of different religions come to the United States such as Muslim, Buddhists, Jewish, they have been joined by more modern religions like Scientology and Mysticism. More and more people have also chosen, like myself, to have no religion but to base their lives on scientific beliefs in the way the earth and its creatures were created. However religious people also have this similar belief just stating their God would have to have their hand in this somehow. This would contradict most Christian religions.

odyssey Essay -- essays research papers

In Homer’s The Odyssey, many happenings interfere with Odysseus’ journey to return home to his wife, Penelope, and son, Telemachus. Self-determination is a strong characteristic that Odysseus portrays in The Odyssey. The three traits that Odysseus portrays as evidence of his self-determination are: endurance, perseverance, and courage. Odysseus, like most humans, has his doubts of confidence, but seems to overcome them. Out of this great tragedy, he has become a greater man to regain his kingdom and live a long life. He learns that without his determination he would have never returned to his home. Nature played a key role in how the story played out. Nature can interfere and impede human progress but that nature cannot conquer mankind so long as men are willing to face hardship and accept the consequences of their struggle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Trojan War, Odysseus, the handsome, brave hero of The Odyssey makes the god of the sea, Poseidon, angry by claiming that he alone won the Trojan War. Poseidon vows he will make Odysseus' journey home tough. While on the island of the Cyclopes, they find an abandoned cave that is owned by the one-eyed Cyclops Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon. There they become trapped, Odysseus tells him his name is Nohbody, and offers Polyphemus some wine so that he can become intoxicated. Polyphemus becomes drunk, passes out, and Odysseus and his men devise a plan and attack him in his eye with a sharp, hot wooden pole. Polyphemus...

Biography Of Emily Bronte :: essays research papers

Emily Bronte was born in Thornton on July 30, 1818 and later moved with her family to Haworth, an isolated village on the moors. Her mother, Maria Branwell, died when she was only three years old, leaving Emily and her five siblings, Maria, Elizabeth, and Charlotte, Anne, and Branwell to the care of the dead woman’s sister. Emily, Maria, Elizabeth, and Charlotte were sent to Cowan, a boarding school, in 1824. The next year while at school Maria and Elizabeth came home to die of tuberculosis, and the other two sisters were also sent home. Both spent the next six years at home, where they picked up what education they could.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1835, Charlotte became a teacher at the school at Roe Head and Emily joined her as a student. After three months Charlotte sent her home again, afraid that Emily was extremely homesick from her beloved moors. For a short time in 1837 Emily moved to Halifax in order to teach at the Law Hill School. She returned to Haworth when her health again began to fail. After this agonizing experience, Emily remained at home for five years. During this period, she wrote poetry and short stories to fill her time. In 1842, she attended school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. There they studied music and foreign language. Emily also wrote her French essays at this time. Charlotte and Emily were described as “literary geniuses.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All the family was reunited at home, in 1845. In the course of time, the Brontes gave up hope for a school of their own. Branwell, working on a novel, told his sisters of the profitable possibilities of novel writing. In the autumn of 1845 Charlotte discovered Emily’s poems and convinced her sister to collaborate on a volume of poems. One year later, the volume was titled Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Action Bell and was published. The first venture into publishing was a failure. By July, Wuthering Heights was finished, along with Agnes Grey by Anne Bronte and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. All three were seeking a publisher and finally had their novels published in late 1847. Initially, the results of Wuthering Heights were poor, selling few copies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1848, Branwell died. Emily left home for the last time to attend his funeral service, and caught a severe cold which developed into inflammation of the lungs.

Advertising Strategy of Coca-Cola

What is advertisement? Advertisement is Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas, organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio, television, and internet. Objective of advertisement are to inform, persuade and motivate potential customers, but also has a strategic significance for the company’s image in whole or brand the product belongs. Advertisement strategies are varying among the regions. The types of advertisement used in a region are depending on its culture, norms, religion, tradition and language.The advertisement that are used in Western and Asia is very different in every aspect. I will take Coca-Cola to compare strategies of advertisement that have been used in western and Asia. In Asian countries Coca-Cola’s strategy is mostly depend on entertainment and youths. But in Western countries the strategy is a bit different. They try to promote the drink is healthy and safe to drink. Even Coca-Cola has introduced Diet Coke to attract people in Western country. The Western people more take care about their health compare to Asians.So they have to show the drink is suitable for a healthy lifestyle. Another important aspect of Coca-Cola Company’s advertisement in Western countries is they like to use woman and sex element. Most of their advertisements are with sexy ladies who are models or actresses holding the drink or holding it in their hand. In Western countries it is very normal to promote a product in this way. But in Asian countries it is very hard to do such advertisement because most countries have strict regulations and very religious.Asian countries give importance to cultural values and they are against sex elements in advertisement. Coca-Cola’s advertisement in Asian countries gives importance to youths and youngsters. They advertisement normally shows that they will get new energy after drink it. They will so energetic and can do things without getting tired. But in Western countries they give importance to all. Even they use children also in advertisement to attract them to drink Coca-Cola. The company give equal importance to adults also.The Coca-Cola’s advertisement in Asia also gives importance to Asian festivals and celebration. For every festival and celebration like Chinese New Year, Independence Day, Christmas and so on Coca-Cola will introduce new advertisement to promote their product. Sometimes they insert the cultural values in these advertisements. But in Western countries the situation is very different. Cultural values of Asians and Western people are very different. So large companies like Coca-Cola have to differentiate their advertisement according to region to survive and lead the market.

Statistical concepts essays

Statistical concepts essays Statistical concepts have literally thousands of applications. These include both the hard' sciences and social sciences but also fields such as political science. Statistics are so key to the nature of certain fields that most of them could not exist without concepts such as the The mean, median and mode are often used in political campaigns. These campaigns are designed to appeal to targeted demographics, which form the basis for blocks of voters. Presidential speeches are designed to specifically appeal to a hypothesized median' voter. Swing votes often represent a mode or block' of voters who can be expected to vote in a similar fashion. Where the political support of one's party members can be predicted with safety, the fate of elections always swings with popular opinion. If the opinion of the hypothetical median' citizen were not courted to, one of the two parties would eventually become marginalized. A concept like the Axis of Evil' or Lock Box' seems adolescent to university professors and political analysts, but speechwriters didn't have these people in mind when they created the concept; by definition, the mean IQ is 100. Political pundits see their voters in groups like Soccer Moms;' concerned mothers who vote in the interest of their families. On any given opinion, these groups constitute modes reflecting a certain Political campaigns use extensive population sampling in order to gather data. These often revolve around the outcome of polls conducted by the Gallup company. After a speech is made, questions will be designed to neutrally assess the opinion of those who listened to the speech. Gallup approaches a group with a large enough sample size to diminish the margin of error. They'll ask questions such as "what do you think of candidate Shwartzenegger's comments regarding the terminally ill" so as to assess ...

UMSL, University of Missouri St. Louis Admissions Data

UMSL, University of Missouri St. Louis Admissions Data UMSL Description: UMSL, the University of Missouri-St. Louis, is a regional public university and the largest university in the St. Louis region. The 350-acre campus has ready access to public transportation and area restaurants, museums and sporting events. The school was founded in 1960, and continued to expand throughout the 1970s. About 80% of UMSL students come from greater St. Louis region. Students can choose from 54 bachelors degree programs; professional fields in business, education, nursing and criminal justice are among the most popular with undergraduates. Classes are supported by a 17 to 1 student / faculty ratio, and about 70% of classes have fewer than 30 students. Outside of the classroom, students can join a number of clubs and activities, ranging from academic clubs, to recreational sports, to performing arts ensembles. On the athletic front, the UMSL Tritons compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference. The university fields five mens and six womens intercollegiate sports. Popular sports include soccer, tennis, golf, basketball, and volleyball. Admissions Data (2016): University of Missouri Acceptance Rate: 71%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 470  / 520SAT Math: 470 / 560SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 21  / 27ACT English: 21 / 27ACT Math: 19 / 26What these ACT numbers mean Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 16,989  (13,898 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 43% Male / 57% Female39% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $9,394 (in-state); $24,525 (out-of-state)Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,032Other Expenses: $3,038Total Cost: $23,464  (in-state); $38,595 (out-of-state) UMSL Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 93%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 90%Loans: 50%Average Amount of AidGrants: $12,546Loans: $5,804 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business, Communication, Criminology, Elementary Education, Nursing, Psychology Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 79%4-Year Graduation Rate: 29%6-Year Graduation Rate: 53% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Basketball, Soccer, Tennis, Golf, BaseballWomens Sports:  Soccer, Tennis, Volleyball, Softball, Golf, Basketball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like UMSL, You May Also Like These Schools: University of Missouri: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTruman State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWebster University: Profile  Saint Louis University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLindenwood University: Profile  SIU Edwardsville: Profile  Lincoln University: Profile  University of Kansas: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWashington University in St Louis: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphRockhurst University: Profile  University of Arkansas: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMissouri State University: Profile   UMSL Mission Statement: mission statement from umsl.edu/services/academic/strategic-plan/vision-mission.html The University of Missouri-St. Louis provides excellent learning experiences and leadership opportunities for a diverse student body. Outstanding faculty and staff, innovative research, and creative partnerships foster synergies that advance the welfare of our stakeholders and benefit the global society.

Explore The Increasing Cost Of Providing Community Care Social Work Essay Essays

Explore The Increasing Cost Of Providing Community Care Social Work Essay Essays Explore The Increasing Cost Of Providing Community Care Social Work Essay Essay Explore The Increasing Cost Of Providing Community Care Social Work Essay Essay The cost of supplying community attention in the UK is increasing significantly. In this essay an effort will be made to discourse on the lifting costs of supplying community attention particularly concentrating on older people with dementedness and those under residential attention in UK by utilizing assorted research methods including research informations and literature analysis. The chief focal point would be on factors which lead to increase economic load on societal and wellness attention services. Besides a elaborate treatment on analysis and review of the current support system and its results on the reforms made are categorised by understanding the rationing function of attention directors to get the better of such load. This would be followed by an in-detail treatment on the importance of ego attention and informal attention and some issues originating with them with more focal point on the importance of informal attention utilizing a instance survey. Before continuing farther, allow us concentrate on the term community attention and discourse about its development in the UK. Community attention was invented in 1993 with the execution of community attention reforms. However, harmonizing to Bulmer, as mentioned by Victor ( 1997 ) , the first functionary usage of the term community attention was made in 1957 and related to the field of mental unwellness. Bulmer besides puts frontward that during the late fiftiess, the long-run attention services for mentally sick patients in communal or institutional scenes led the development of community attention policy in this state. It was found that Community attention was more effectual and efficient for long-stay attention unlike institutional scenes which were perceived as being inhumane, uneffective and highly expensive. Titmus ( 1968:4 cited by Victor, 1997:8 ) quoted: What some hope will one twenty-four hours be is all of a sudden thought by many to be already what of the bungalow garden trailor community attention . Does it non raise up a sense of heat and human kindness, particularly personal and comforting, every bit loving as the wild flowers so bewitchingly described by Lawrence in Lady Chatterley s Lover? Harmonizing to the 1989 White Paper Caring for People, community attention was defined as: supplying the right degree of intercession and support to enable people to accomplish maximal independency and control over their lives. For this purpose to go a world, the development of a broad scope of services provided in a assortment of scenes is indispensable. These services form portion of spectrum of attention, runing from domiciliary support provided to people in their ain places, strengthened by the handiness of respite attention and twenty-four hours attention for those with more intensive attention demands, those sheltered lodging, group places and inns where increasing degrees of attention are available, to residential attention and nursing places and long-stay infirmary attention for those whom other signifiers of attention are no longer plenty ( DoH, 1989 cited by Means et Al, 2008:6 ) . Community attention as explained by Victor ( 1997 ) is provided by both informal and formal suppliers. Classifying farther, he adds that formal suppliers of community attention constitutes assorted statutory bureaus, voluntary every bit good as private sector whereas informal suppliers constitutes household and friends. However, there has been a important concern over increasing cost of the formal attention and demographic alterations which will be discussed in item in this essay as I proceed. The economic load of supplying a formal community attention has led to the retrenchment of statutory bureaus and as proposed by Victor ( 1997 ) has increased accent upon the function of informal sector. Let us now discuss demographics of long-run attention concentrating more on residential attention and the attention of older people with dementedness. As mentioned by Laing ( 1993, cited by Victor, 1997 ) , an one-year outgo for long stay attention in UK in the yesteryear was ?10.2 billion a twelvemonth of which ?9.1 billion was accounted for older people. Outgo on residential attention proviso was ?6.6 billion a twelvemonth and ?2.5 billion was spent on supplying services in older peoples ain place. Hence older people accounted more for residential attention than for services provided in their ain places. Let us besides now seek to concentrate on an mean per-capita outgo on the personal societal services for older people in England. As per the information obtained from the NHS wellness and societal attention information Centre ( 2006 ) , gross current outgo on older people in 2003-2004 was ?8 billion which constituted about 44 % of the entire outgo ( 18.2 one million millions ) and merely ?4.4 billion was spent on kids s and household services. Harmonizing to the types of proviso for older people in England, outgo on residential attention proviso was ?4,490 1000000s and that of twenty-four hours and domiciliary attention proviso was ?2,620 1000000s in 2004-2005 ( National statistics, 2006 ) , whereas in 2006-07, the outgo raised to ?4,710 1000000s for residential proviso and ?2,620 1000000s for twenty-four hours and domiciliary attention proviso ( National statistics, 2008 ) . Thus it is apparent that mean per capita outgo additions markedly with the age and is besides much more for residential attention services than twenty-four hours and domiciliary attention services. One of the grounds can be dementia that creates a important load through the costs placed on long-run institutionalized attention like nursing places or residential attention places. As per the statistics obtained and published by Fernandez ( 2010 ) in the United Kingdom, 683,597 people suffer ed from dementedness in 2005, which increased to 821,884 in 2006 and is proposed to hold increased up to 940,110 by 2021 and 1,735,087 by 2051. In 2008 it was estimated that 37 % of all dementedness patients in the UK were in long-run attention establishments bing an surplus of ?9 billion per twelvemonth in societal attention. Overall, dementedness was found to be ?23 billion in footings of wellness and societal attention, informal attention and productiveness losingss in 2008 ( Fernandez, 2010 ) . Furthermore, increasing population has besides been one of the factors for lending in such job. Harmonizing to the Government Actuary s section ( 2007 ) the United Kingdom population is projected to increase by 7.2 million by 2031 and by 2025, the figure of people in the UK aged over 85 will hold increased by two-thirds as mentioned by Department of wellness ( 2007 ) in its article, A formula for care- Not a individual ingredient. Such an addition in the figure of older people is one of the of import factors for increasing cost of supplying community attention because it is them who are the chief donees of wellness and societal attention services as they are more likely to endure from dangerous infections, falls and craze and to remain in infirmaries. As per the statistics published by the Department of Health ( 2007 ) , people over 65 old ages accounted for 43 % of the NHS s entire budgets in 2003-04 and at the same clip accounted for 65 % of acute infirmary beds. In 2004-2005, the y accounted for 58 % of societal services budgets and received 71 % of societal attention bundles ( DoH, 2007 ) . Having identified the increasing figure of aged persons in the state as one of the of import factors, allow us besides focus on some other factors that may impact the cost of wellness and societal attention services in close hereafter. Other factors we can see are fewer working age, addition in pensionable age and addition in older age. As per the statistics given by GAD ( 2007 ) , in 2004 there were 3.33 individuals of working age for every individual of province pensionable age. This demographic support ratio is expected to worsen to about 2.40 around the twelvemonth 2040. The figure of people of province pensionable age is projected to increase by 9.3 per cent from 11.1 million in 2004 to 12.2 million in 2010. Furthermore, the population will bit by bit go older with the norm ( average ) age expected to lift from 39.5 old ages in 2004 to 43.3 old ages in 2031. Thus we see that demand for attention is set to lift significantly as a consequence of the ageing population. The cost for supplying attention service has been and is likely to go on to lift faster. Let us now focus on the current support system in England particularly residential attention. Forder ( 2009 ) explains that England falls into the means-tested grouping which means that parts to the system are mandated harmonizing to ability to pay, and hence low income groups are subsidised with public support through general revenue enhancement. He farther adds that in England, about all public disbursement on societal attention is made via local councils, with most of the financess allocated from general revenue enhancement and some besides rose through council revenue enhancement. The sum to be spent on societal attention is budget-constrained. Therefore if the demand is higher than the existent or proposed budget, councils have to raise the FAC ( Fair Access to Care ) eligibility thresholds ( Forder, 2009 ) . Sing long-run attention, nursing attention is free to service users in any scene, whether be that a infirmary or attention place after an appraisal being done. Forder ( 200 9 ) besides points out that there are national regulations for agencies proving of residential attention support as given by Department of Health. Analysing recent policies of the Department of Health Forder ( 2009 ) , points out that if the assessed individual has assets over a specified sum ( the upper capital bound ?23,000 as of April 2009 ) , they themselves will be apt for their full cost of the attention place except for any eligible free nursing attention. Eligible assets in this instance include the individual s house every bit long as no partner or other eligible dependant is populating in that place. Anyone with entire assets of less than the upper capital bound will be asked to lend all their hebdomadal eligible income including pension and other province benefits, less a personal disbursals allowance of around ?20 a hebdomad, up to the cost of the arrangement. In add-on, for people with assets above ?14,000 ( the lower capital bound as on April 2009 ) , a tariff income of ?1 for every ?250 between the upper and lower capital bounds is assessed for the individual on top of existent income. However, in-spite of current support services there are issues sing unmet demands due to increase in outgo with the increasing demands of attention for older people. Unmet needs like wealthy people get really small public aid and that they need to see against the fiscal and other hazards of necessitating attention. As it was besides argued in the past by Robins and Wittenberg ( 1992, cited by Victor, 1997 ) , that in-spite of developments made in policies in the past, wellness and societal services for older people was still being a political issue and one of the chief grounds behind this was ageing. Consequently, the community attention policy had been subjected to a strict examination by a series of authorities studies ; the Audit committee ( 1986 ) , the House of Commons Select Committee on Social Services ( 1985 ) and the Griffiths study ( 1986 ) which resulted in 1989 White Paper lovingness for Peoples and the NHS and Community Care Act 1990. These had required some alterations in pattern every bit good as administration of attention. The most important alterations were the debut of attention direction and appraisal and the development of the assorted economic system of attention ( Means et al, 2008 ) . The NHS A ; Community Care Act 1990 formed a new epoch in community attention in the UK. Needs-led appraisal and attention direction were to organize the basis of high quality attention ( Beth-Pary Jones, 2001 ) . The services were provided after a thorough appraisal of the person. It was the responsibility of attention directors to make appraisal and consequently present flexible bundles of attention for single clients. The appraisal was to guarantee that entry to publically funded long-run attention was based upon demand and to place those persons who can outdo be supported in their ain places ( Victor, 1997 ) . The White paper ( DoH, 1989, cited by Victor, 1997 ) had placed some indexs for the appraisal of separately based demands like mobility, personal attention, domestic undertakings, fiscal offers, adjustment, leisure and employment. It was stated that Assessment should take into history the wants of the person and his or her carer, and of the carer s ability to go on to supp ly careaˆÂ ¦efforts should be made to offer flexible services which enable persons and carers to do picks ( DoH, 1989:3.2.6, cited by Victor, 1997:70 ) . I intend to explicate this by taking an illustration of a 72 twelvemonth old widow who lives entirely without household support and exhibits agitated, violent and eccentric behaviour ; from Community attention and Older people by Victor C. ( 1997:151 ) . This single needs aid to acquire frock, provender and lavatory. The assessors had identified her as a individual with extended societal and personal demands and have placed in a nursing place. The client was placed in a nursing place after placing dementedness and her societal and personal demands. Thus argued by Henwood ( 2008 ) such an issue of eligibility became progressively of import in societal attention, and had moved from being localised and sometimes comparatively informal, towards a formalistic national model which was locally interpreted and implemented as Fair A ccess to Care. The Fair Access to Care Services ( FACS ) model was introduced in England in 1998 to turn to incompatibilities across the state about who gets support and to supply a more crystalline system. It originated in the 1998 White Paper, Modernising Social Services. Its chief rule was to guarantee a needs-led services instead than service-led. It besides incorporated non-discriminatory and human rights attack. The FACS counsel was issued in May 2002 that provided a national model for eligibility standards for grownup societal attention and focused upon people with the greatest assessed demands. Eligibility standard was graded into four sets as critical, significant, moderate and low as per the earnestness of the hazard ( CSCI, 2008 ) . However, there have been many challenges related to FACS. Since the debut of FACS, there have been increasing demands on societal attention budgets due to increasing figure of older people, populating longer and frequently with more complex demands, and besides increasing Numberss of younger grownups with terrible physical and learning disablements. Therefore seting the model into pattern was hard due to miss of fiscal resources, service commissariats and staffs. Another job was that most of councils were runing at substantial or critical degree which means most people with moderate or low demands were non eligible for publically funded support. Furthermore, harmonizing to the High Court, the council s determination to curtail eligibility to critical demand as defined by FACS was improper ( CSCI, 2008 ) . As evaluated by Henwood ( 2008 ) , the fastening budgets as of all time and service eligibility standards indicated a displacement of focal point from appraisal of demand to ra tioning explicating the FACS policies to be operationalised with two distinguishable issues at interest. The first being precedence puting which denotes an allotment of resources to particular services or programmes, and 2nd is rationing which refers to the distribution of resources to persons at the point of service bringing ( Henwood, 2008 ) . It is hence apparent that because of the fiscal load precedence scene has become the important parametric quantity for rationing ; moreover the local governments will so hold to find the local budget for grownup societal attention. This in bend makes it necessarily a complex country within which local governments along with local politicians have to weigh up a scope of factors as identified by Henwood ( 2008 ) such as the demands of the local population, the cost of run intoing those demands, and the likely responses of cardinal stakeholders such as cardinal authorities, the electorate, fellow politicians and officers and staff members. As many Councils had been seeking to pull off their resources by fastening their eligibility standards, Government policy placed increasing accent on bar and personalisation by implementing a policy of Puting People First in 2007. It enables people to populate their ain lives as they wish, confident that services are of high quality, are safe and able to advance their single demands and penchants for independency, well-being and self-respect. Peoples utilizing societal attention services and their households committee their ain services. Personal budgets will guarantee people having public support usage available resources to take their ain support Services ( CSCI, 2008 ) . Rationing is the duty of attention director whereas precedence scene is the duty of authoritiess. Therefore, attention directors, after exhaustively measuring the demands of the clients, will so apportion resources to people who are deemed to hold a demand for community attention and therefore besides pull offing the economic load. Harmonizing to Klein ( 1996, cited by Tull, 2010 ) there are seven chief methods of rationing which are by denial, by choice, by warp, by disincentive, by hold, by dilution and by expiration. Service refused to clients on the evidences of ineligibility is the rationing by denial. Rationing by choice agencies that merely those who are deemed meriting are selected by assorted service suppliers. Rationing by warp takes topographic point when clients are steered towards other budgets, for illustration, a wellness services job becomes a societal services job. Rationing by disincentive makes entree to a service highly hard. Examples of rationing by hold are the waiting list and assignments made many hebdomads or months in progress. Rationing by dilution agencies that clip and services which would usually be spent on people are reduced. Rationing by expiration means an intercession ends, such as the discharge of a patient. Another attack to cut down the economic load of community attention can be adopted by stressing on ego attention and informal attention. Let us now focus more on informal attention in inside informations. Informal attention as defined by Finch ( 1995 cited by Victor 1997 ) as a attention provided by members of the household, close relations, friends and neighbors which is non organized through a statutory or voluntary bureau. Typically, such attention is non provided with an purpose of gaining a pecuniary addition, but it is by and large taken as moral and ethical duties within households and society. It was in 1980s that the true extent of informal attention was identified. It was enshrined in 1930 Poor Law Act which stated: It should be the responsibility of the male parent, gramps, female parent, grandma, hubby or kid of a hapless, old, blind, square or impotent individual or other hapless individual, non able to work, if possessed of sufficient agencies, to alleviate and keep the individual non able to work ( Means and Smith, 1994:19 cited by Victor, 1997:118 ) . The importance of the informal sector in keeping older people and those with long-run attention demands in the community is now an accepted and acknowledged portion of community attention policy. Now let us discourse the human ecology of informal attention services provided to older people with the aid of a instance survey of older people with dementedness given by Fernandez ( 2010 ) . The figure of instances of dementedness was obtained from the European Community Concerted Action on the Epidemiology and Prevention of Dementia ( EURODEM ) survey. Surveies were conducted in several European states, including the UK, for work forces and adult females in 9 different age groups ( 30-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, 85-89, 90-94 and 95-99 ) for the UK and 30 other European states. In 2006, the estimated figure of patients with diagnosed and undiagnosed dementedness in the UK was 821,884 stand foring 1.3 % of the UK population. It was estimated that 304,850 patients aged 65 old ages or more with dementedness were populating in institutionalized long term attention, stand foring about 37 % of all dementedness patients in the UK. With adjustment in long-run nursing and residen tial attention scenes bring forthing an one-year cost of about ?30,000 per patient, the one-year cost of long-run attention adjustment due to dementia was in surplus of ?9 billion. A sum of 1,509 million hours of informal attention was provided by friends and relations of the 517,033 dementedness patients populating in the community. Approximately 34 % ( 512 million hours ) of this attention was provided by economically active and employed relations or friends, with the bulk of attention ( 997 million hours ) being provided by retired, inactive or unemployed informal carers. Combined, the entire one-year costs of informal care-giving were estimated at ?12,383 million. Consequences from this study had shown that the wellness attention, societal attention, informal attention and productiveness costs of dementedness were about ?23 billion a twelvemonth. Over 55 % ( ?12 billion ) of these entire costs was due to informal attention, stand foring 1.5 billion hours of unpaid attention provided by relations and friends of dementedness patients ( Fernandez, 2010 ) . Hence it is apparent that promoting informal attention for the dementedness patients will cut down the economic load on the authorities and the saved fund can be utilised towards farther publicities for a better societal attention. We can besides state that informal attention of older people is of import at present because of the lifting figure of older people particularly aged 65 and over, who have the greatest demands for attention. However, Pickard ( 2004 ) cites Parker s ( 1992 ) statement that informal carers are non a homogeneous group as a differentiation had been drawn in the societal policy literature between informal assisting and to a great extent involved lovingness. Heavily involved carers are normally defined in footings of long hours of caring ( normally over 20 hours a hebdomad ) ; sharing a family with the cared-for individual ( co-residence ) ; or transporting out personal and/or physical undertakings. And it is them who are most likely to necessitate support. Maher and Green ( 2002, cited by Pickard, 2004 ) points out that harmonizing to General Household Survey ( GHS ) , that was carried out in 2000 in Great Britain, there were a sum of 6.8 million informal carers with around 27 per cent ( a bout 1.8 million ) disbursement 20 hours or more a hebdomad on caring undertaking. Besides there were over a 3rd of a million partner carers and about half a million kids caring for an older parent/parent-in-law for 20 hours a hebdomad or more harmonizing to the study. Several issues have been raised for informal carers by placing the demands of the carer. Spouse carers are frequently aged and in hapless wellness themselves. Carers of parents and parents-in-law are normally of working age and are involved in full/part clip employment, raising issues to make with the relationship between caring and paid work. The proviso of informal attention to frail older people have a great impact on the carers, as the duties of caring frequently constrain societal engagement and necessitate backdown from the work force. Intensive lovingness has profound inauspicious effects on the psychological wellness of carers, peculiarly emphasis, depression, choler, anxiousness and guilt and besides physical wellness issues such as terrible back jobs and others. Harmonizing to Bauld et Al ( 2000, cited by Pickard 2004 ) , these negative impacts are seen largely among the carers who provide informal services to older people with dementedness. So at that place have been a fi gure of developments in policy relating to informal carers. These include the community attention reforms, associated with the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 ; the Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act 1995 ; the National Strategy for Carers ( 1999 ) ; the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 ; and the National Service Frameworks for Mental Health and for Older Peoples ( DoH 1999 ) . These developments are of import in the present context because they shape the proviso of services to carers and older people today ( Pickard, 2004 ) . Now let us discourse on self attention in brief. Self attention can be defined as any signifier of attention which is taken by persons towards improvement of their ain wellness and good being, which besides includes the attention extended to their kids, household, friends and others in vicinities and local communities. In other words the actions that people take for themselves, their kids and their households to remain fit and keep good physical and mental wellness ; meet societal and psychological demands ; prevent unwellness or accidents ; attention for minor complaints and long-run conditions like diabetes, arthritis, asthma, epilepsy, etc ; and keep wellness and well-being after an acute unwellness or discharge from infirmary is included as a portion of their Self Care ( Department of wellness, 2005 ) . Finally it is believed that cognition and experience about the long term conditions could greatly profit the quality of patients attention and finally their quality of life. But this has been mostly ignored. So the construct of Expert Patients was set out in the Government s 1999 White Paper, Salvaging Lifes: Our Healthier Nation. Harmonizing to this construct, they are empowered to take some duty for their ain direction and work in partnership with their wellness and societal attention suppliers. Self-management programmes are designed to cut down the badness of symptoms and better assurance, resourcefulness and self-efficacy. A farther committedness to implementing a formal programme was made in the NHS Plan published in July 2000 ( Department of wellness, 2001 ) . However, there are some issues with self care that service suppliers should concern about like the hazard of patient safety, guaranting equality of entree, factors such as poorness, entree to resources or hapless lodgin g ( Department of wellness, 2005 ) .

African American Women Speak Out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

African American Women Speak Out - Essay Example African Americans in general have come a long way from the dark days of slavery; this is especially the case for women. There are so many challenges and issues that this group has faced over the year thus making it very difficult to summarize all this information in one piece. First of all, Black People were struggling with the revolutionary agenda and in order to garner support for their movement, most of the members of this party had to construct certain identities that were unique to the black person. Another issue that cropped up in this period was the fact that there high levels of Sexism in the Black Panther party. This was largely depicted by the Actions of the Party's leaders-Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In a book Published by Doubleday "A taste of Power" by Elaine Brown (1994), the author describes her experiences as a member of the Black Panther party. Elaine Brown was brought up in a poor Black community but had the opportunity to access education.During her time in the Black Panther party, Elaine Brown, along with other women in the movement were largely interested in transforming African American welfare. These actions were the things that took up most of her time. Some of the activities that Ms. Brown focused on included increasing medical assistance to her community, provision of food assistance among many other aspects related to the social well being of her community. However the men in this party had a more radical approach to their coz. Most of them applied as doub le thronged approach in the revolutionary activities; there was the political dimension and the militant dimension. Leaders like Huey Newton and Bobby Seale wanted to create a defensive system for the Black people through military techniques. These ideas even permeated into the running of their daily activities. For instance, the Black Panther party used to publish a newspaper in which Elaine Brown was one of the editors. At one time, it happened that Brown (1994) had delayed with the newspaper's production by one hour. In response to this action, the tough disciplinarian Booby Seale sought to find out who had caused this delay. When it was revealed that the editing took longer than required, Seale commanded his subordinates to disciple Elaine Brown. They did this by flogging her with ten lashes on her back. Brown (1994) explains that while going through the beating, she was "burning with rage" at the actions of her leader Seale who seemed to be applying double standards in the administration of justice within this party. Within the Black Panther movement, women were expected to silently obey the words of the male leaders. Even the manner in which codes of practice were established in the Black Panther Party reflected this deeply engrained Sexism. No one was expected to vote or contribute to the rules governing the party. Instead, women were to listen and abide by the decisions made by their male counterparts. It is also interesting to note that within this party, there were no female leaders as all of them were predominantly male. This goes to show that women were almost invisible. To the men in top positions, women were seen as instruments that could be used to implement the party goals and nothing more. However, despite this seeming mistrust, on cannot overlook the fact that some women in the Black Panther Party contributed towards Black empowerment in their own silent way. One such case is the latter mentioned author who chose to change her society in whichever little way she could. Cleaver (1968) in his book Soul on Ice brings in a totally different dimension to the sentiments and feelings

Fredrickson's Various Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fredrickson's Various Models - Essay Example Sherman Alexie’s assimilation story revolves around an Indian woman named Mary Lynn. She is married to a white man, Jeremiah, and they are blessed with three children. Due to conflicting cultures, she finds herself at a cross-road since she cannot find her own identity (McClinton-Temple & Velie 44). Her husband is such a racist man who even extends his hatred of other ethnic groups onto his own sons. He only loves his daughter who looks more like him. In addition, he does not just associate with all the whites, but with a subset of people, most of them being educated and affluent whites. He, however, successfully manages to get rid of some social burdens in one way or the other. Lynn spent most of her free time listening to Indian songs. This means that she could not let her culture go off her. Jeremiah believes that his wife can be fully assimilated into the white culture, if only she changes her behaviors and attitudes (McClinton-Temple & Velie 44). Ethnic Hierarchy  The a ncient American society categorized ethnic groups into different levels and classes. There was the predominant group, the whites, who are perceived as superior to other ethnic groups. The whites claimed that other ethnic groups were unfit and unready to acquire equal rights and full citizenship (Frederickson 633). Frederick’s hierarchical model can be traced back to the colonial period when blacks were enslaved and Indians were conquered. From Alexie’s assimilation story, it is obvious that all the problems that existed.... Lynn spent most of her free time listening to Indian songs. This means that she could not let her culture go off her. Jeremiah believes that his wife can be fully assimilated into the white culture, if only she changes her behaviors and attitudes (McClinton-Temple & Velie 44). Ethnic Hierarchy The ancient American society categorized ethnic groups into different levels and classes. There was the predominant group, the whites, who are perceived as superior to other ethnic groups. The whites claimed that other ethnic groups were unfit and unready to acquire equal rights and full citizenship (Frederickson 633). Frederick’s hierarchical model can be traced back to the colonial period when blacks were enslaved and Indians were conquered. From Alexie’s assimilation story, it is obvious that all the problems that existed between Jeremiah and Lynn were triggered by their cultural and religious differences. None of them was willing to abandon his or her culture and adopt other p eople’s culture. This is the reason why Lynn cheated on her husband with a fellow Indian man (McClinton-Temple & Velie 44). In the early 20th century, Americans of English ancestry, the dominant group, were not simply whites but Anglo-Saxon White Protestants. Mary Lynn found it difficult to accept and adopt Anglo-Saxon’s culture her husband belongs to; because she believes she does not qualify to join the dominant group. Jeremiah, on the other hand, believes that her wife can get fully assimilated into their culture if she changes her behaviors (McClinton-Temple & Velie 44). In the contemporary American society, the presence of socially deprived, physically unsafe and improvised barrios, ghettos and Indian reservations, indicate that

Long term Care in USA vs. Europe and East Asia Essay

Long term Care in USA vs. Europe and East Asia - Essay Example The major limitation associated with this informal arrangement of long term care provision by the USA is that there is no uniformity in the manner in which the frail, disabled and the individuals with chronic illnesses are attended to. Thus, those who are dependent on private long term care insurance and out-of-pocket spending eventually end up missing on quality long term care, considering that their resources are easily depleted, to a point where they can no longer be able to cater for such medical and non-medical needs of the deserving individuals (Saltman, Dubois & Chawla, 2006). It is against this background that the U.S. Congress is assessing the Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) Act, with a view to establishing a formal program through which uniform long term care can be offered in the USA (Campbell, Ikegami & Gibson, 2010). According to the data released by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in 2008, Medicaid accounted for 71% of the long term care services that were provided in the USA, while out-of-pocket spending followed at 18% and finally private long term care insurance at 7% (Harris-Kojetin, Sengupta, Park-Lee, Valverde, 2013). These statistics indicate that the only individuals who benefit from long term care in the USA are those capable of meeting the expenses through out-of-pocket paying, joining private long term care insurance or enrolling for the Medicaid plan. This leaves out the bulky of the frail, disabled and the deserving dependent senior citizens in the USA without the access of long term care services. This is contrary to the situation in Europe, where countries such as Germany, Norway and Denmark have a formalized program for supporting long term care for all the deserving citizens, without causing them to deplete their resources (Saltman, Dubois & Chawla, 2006). Additionally, long term care services in some of the East Asian countries such as

The Virgin Komi Forests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Virgin Komi Forests - Essay Example However, there are a number of threats to the Forests, including illegal logging and gold-mining, which could cause irreversible damage to the area and the loss of species. This paper aims to illustrate the natural diversity of the area to convince you to provide money for the support of conservation programs in the Virgin Komi Forests. The Diversity of Life As previously mentioned, the Virgin Komi Forests are an incredibly large virgin forest, and encompass a number of important and iconic species. The grey wolf (Canis lupus) inhabits the area, and was once the world’s most widely distributed mammal but is now extinct in a number of areas. Most significantly, the grey wolf used to inhabit a huge amount of territory in Europe, and thus a safe ecological zone within Europe may be of great benefit in protecting this species. The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is also present in the Virgin Komi Forests. Although the wolverine is classified as ‘least concern’ by the IUCN Red L ist, this may be in part due to the fact that it is still common in North America. In Europe, however, trapping and habitat fragmentation have reduced the range of the wolverine and they are now absent in many of the areas in which they were once present. Again, a European protection area for this animal may be of great benefit (Bobretsov & Yakushev, 2008). Although these species are important, there are a number of further species which are classified as rare or endangered by the IUCN Red List. The Ural Mountain anemone species Anemone uralensis is also under threat in the area, mostly because of flooding and human agricultural efforts. The artic sorrel plant is also declining in the area, in part because of its use in Russian soups and in part because of the changing environment of the Forests. The Ecology of the Forests The aforementioned wolverine and grey wolf are just two of the important animals in the area, both of which have been greatly affected by the habitat fragmentatio n common in other parts of Europe. Protection of the Virgin Komi Forests should, therefore, not just focus on saving this creatures but the habitat in which they live, including a number of tree species which are necessary for their livelihood. The black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) is an example of a bird species in the area. These birds rely on tree species in the Virgin Komi Forests, such as the fir (Abies sibirica) and the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) for their nesting sites and food (Kuuluvainen, Syrjanen & Kalliola, 1998). The black woodpecker also plays an additional ecological role, in that they abandon the holes they have made in the tree bark, which can then become important nesting sites for the smaller birds in the area. The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) is also found in the Virgin Komi Forests. Beaver species are often important keystone species within their environment for a number of reasons. Firstly, beavers are involved in the creation of wetlands which can he lp to increase biodiversity, as well as providing a suitable habitat for other species. Beavers are also involved in tree coppicing, which again alters the natural habitat and provides tree cover for other species. Finally, beavers also play in important role in protecting fish species because their dams trap sediment and improve water quality (Gawthrop, 1999). Although the Eurasian beaver is of

GRADUATE LETTER FOR ADMISSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GRADUATE LETTER FOR ADMISSION - Essay Example My interests in pursuing graduate studies had intensified during my practice as a supervisor of Hematology department in Alhada armed forces hospital in Saudi Arabia. I have realized the urgent need and demand for skilled technologists, at my work place and other laboratories in developing regions. I believe, by gaining more knowledge in Hematology and management skills, I would be of greater help in the laboratory medicine field worldwide, Saudi Arabia in particular. Besides updated skills in the early diagnosis of many blood related diseases such as anemia, leukemia etc; better management and leadership skills are very important in developing countries like Saudi Arabia. With the transition of most laboratories to acquire accreditation of the college of American Pathologists (CAP) and other regulatory agencies, the need for professional and comprehensive managerial capabilities in the developing countries are becoming crucial. This has triggered the need for more sophisticated knowledge in the updated laboratory methods, and quality control and quality assurance concepts. At my last job, I was able to adhere to the highest professional Laboratory standards, despite the fact that I was working under different working environment, tradition, and dress code. It was very interesting, challenging and great learning experience. In addition to background skills and knowledge in the medical laboratory science, my balanced personality, and open minded nature, made me successful supervisor. Some of my accomplishments include, constructing and updating hematology department’s procedure manuals, evaluation of new analyzers, organizing and passing successfully the bi annual inspection conducted by of the college of American pathologists (CAP) etc. Through my job, I have greatly improved my analytical ability and pressure management techniques. The process

The Virgin Komi Forests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Virgin Komi Forests - Essay Example However, there are a number of threats to the Forests, including illegal logging and gold-mining, which could cause irreversible damage to the area and the loss of species. This paper aims to illustrate the natural diversity of the area to convince you to provide money for the support of conservation programs in the Virgin Komi Forests. The Diversity of Life As previously mentioned, the Virgin Komi Forests are an incredibly large virgin forest, and encompass a number of important and iconic species. The grey wolf (Canis lupus) inhabits the area, and was once the world’s most widely distributed mammal but is now extinct in a number of areas. Most significantly, the grey wolf used to inhabit a huge amount of territory in Europe, and thus a safe ecological zone within Europe may be of great benefit in protecting this species. The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is also present in the Virgin Komi Forests. Although the wolverine is classified as ‘least concern’ by the IUCN Red L ist, this may be in part due to the fact that it is still common in North America. In Europe, however, trapping and habitat fragmentation have reduced the range of the wolverine and they are now absent in many of the areas in which they were once present. Again, a European protection area for this animal may be of great benefit (Bobretsov & Yakushev, 2008). Although these species are important, there are a number of further species which are classified as rare or endangered by the IUCN Red List. The Ural Mountain anemone species Anemone uralensis is also under threat in the area, mostly because of flooding and human agricultural efforts. The artic sorrel plant is also declining in the area, in part because of its use in Russian soups and in part because of the changing environment of the Forests. The Ecology of the Forests The aforementioned wolverine and grey wolf are just two of the important animals in the area, both of which have been greatly affected by the habitat fragmentatio n common in other parts of Europe. Protection of the Virgin Komi Forests should, therefore, not just focus on saving this creatures but the habitat in which they live, including a number of tree species which are necessary for their livelihood. The black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) is an example of a bird species in the area. These birds rely on tree species in the Virgin Komi Forests, such as the fir (Abies sibirica) and the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) for their nesting sites and food (Kuuluvainen, Syrjanen & Kalliola, 1998). The black woodpecker also plays an additional ecological role, in that they abandon the holes they have made in the tree bark, which can then become important nesting sites for the smaller birds in the area. The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) is also found in the Virgin Komi Forests. Beaver species are often important keystone species within their environment for a number of reasons. Firstly, beavers are involved in the creation of wetlands which can he lp to increase biodiversity, as well as providing a suitable habitat for other species. Beavers are also involved in tree coppicing, which again alters the natural habitat and provides tree cover for other species. Finally, beavers also play in important role in protecting fish species because their dams trap sediment and improve water quality (Gawthrop, 1999). Although the Eurasian beaver is of

Historical Analysis Of Leather In India Research Paper

Historical Analysis Of Leather In India - Research Paper Example Sankar, an eminent expert on leather technology at the Oxford University, says that the industry releases harmful effluents and chemicals that pollute rivers and other water bodies (86). Moreover, much of this waste is released in a solid form that cannot be absorbed or disposed off effectively and is therefore contributing to the pollution of the environment. The Indian leather industry is composed of both established manufacturers as well as thousands of cottage industries engaged in the production of various types of leather. In 2010, the industry processed over 65 million animal hides and over 160 million skins to produce leather of various types and quality (Kaul 108). In fact, the latter constitute over three-fifths of the total industrial output. While leather production has existed in India for thousands of years, the modern practice of leather production were introduced by the British rules in the mid-nineteenth century. Over 60% of the industry’s output constitutes h ides and skins. Other leather products manufactured by these industries include leather garments, suitcases, belts and shoes (Kaul 95). Sawhney, a noted professor on Leather Technology at the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in Hyderabad, India states that there are more than 2300 tanneries in the country with a combined turnover of $7.5 billion and are primarily concentrated in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and West Bengal (109). The industry exports most of its produce mainly to the western countries, Japan and Australia. The following figure shows the growth of the leather industry in India over the last 50 years. The information in this graphic is of importance as it highlights the gradual growth of the industry, its relative contribution to the national GDP and the extent to which the sector has come to dominate leather production in the global market. Fig. 1. Growth of the leather industry in India 1951-2007. Source: Sawhney, The new face of environmental management in India, 2008. While India remains a top exporter of leather, it has fallen behind Pakistan and Argentina in annua l output due to several factors. India has the highest population of cattle and enjoys lower labor costs that are essential for leather production. Such conditions would make one believe that India holds a distinct advantage when it comes to manufacturing leather (Sahasranaman 46). However, despite having the basic raw material required for the manufacture of leather, the Indian leather industry suffers from adequate technology and financial incentives required to operate the industries in a clean and pollution-free manner. Further, Indian leather manufacturers are driven by the incentive to keep costs at the very minimum and look upon treating effluents or utilizing cleaner techniques as additional expenditure (Sahasranamam 50). The presence of favorable conditions combined with the present inability of Indian leather manufacturers in coping with global demand has forced them to adopt cheaper and quicker means of production to enhance output volumes. Such pressures have however com e at the expense of the environment. In fact, Jenkins says that tanneries depend on as many as 700 different chemicals to treat and process animal hides, most of which are water insoluble and capable of rendering land and water toxic and unfit for human use (65). For instance, most leather companies situated near the banks of the Ganges River have simply preferred to dump their wastes directly into the river. These effluents contain large

Cause and effect Essay Example for Free

Cause and effect Essay I am going to be talking about the cause and effects of peer pressure on today’s teens. Most of the time peer pressure is caused when teens develop the strong desire to fit in and be accepted by others. In high school most teens think that to fit in they have to be noticed and do whatever the â€Å"popular crowd† is doing, even if that means they will get in trouble. What some parents don’t realize these days is that they have a strong influence on their children’s lives and how they handle day to day issues. When you’re tuff and set good guide lines for your child and teach them wrong from right they will be less tempted to do wrong because they will have guidance. Some off the effects that peer pressure can cause can be harmful or lead to being kicked out of school. When teens are persuaded into doing the wrong thing there is going to be consequences for their actions. It could result in the child being kicked off of their team, out of school or even worse, they could end up in jail. The causes of peer pressure are very real in today’s society and if your teen or child isn’t careful who they hang around, they might be pressured into doing the wrong thing. Make sure to talk with your child and let them know that you are there for them and they can come to you whenever they need to talk about something.

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated in Glucose Transport

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated in Glucose Transport A role for ataxia telangiectasia mutated in insulin-independent stimulation of glucose transport Abstract Literature reports suggest that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) can activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a protein that can stimulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an AMPK activator, would increase glucose transport in mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in an ATM-dependent manner. AICAR-stimulated glucose transport was prevented by the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 and in ATM-deficient (ATM-/-) muscle despite normal stimulation of AMPK phosphorylation. S231 of TBC1D1 matches the sequence motif of ATM substrates, and phosphorylation of this site is known to inhibit TBC1D1 and lead to increased glucose transport. Accordingly, we assessed TBC1D1 phosphorylation and found that AICAR-stimulated phosphorylation of TBC1D1 at S231did not occurin ATM-/- muscle. However, activation of ATM without activation of AMPK was insufficient to increase TBC1D1 phosphorylation.The data suggest that AT M plays a role in AICAR stimulated glucose transport downstream of AMPK. Keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase; ataxia telangiectasia mutated; TBC1D1; AICAR; glucose transport; skeletal muscle Introduction The serine-threonine kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) appears to play a role in glucose homeostasis. For example, recent genome-wide association studies have found that genetic variations near the ATM gene are related to glycemic responses to metformin [1, 2], a commonly-prescribed drug for blood glucose control. While the mechanism for metformin’s effect on blood glucose levels is under debate [3-6], it is known that metformin acutely stimulates glucose transport into skeletal muscle concomitant with activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [7]. Activation of AMPK is sufficient to stimulate insulin-independent glucose transport into skeletal muscle [8, 9]. Intriguingly, ATM dependence has been reported for activation of AMPK in response to DNA damage or insulin-like growth factor 1 in HeLa cells and fibroblasts, exposure of lung cancer cells to ionizing radiation,exposure of lymphoblaststo H2O2, or treatment of HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts with the adenosine analog AICAR [10-14]. Despite these suggestive data on the role of ATM upstream of AMPK, the potential role of ATM in AMPK-dependent stimulation of glucose transport has not previously been investigated in skeletal muscle, the predominant whole-body storage depot for glucose. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that glucose uptake stimulated by the AMPK activator AICAR would be dependent on ATM in skeletal muscle. Methods Materials Antibodies against TBC1D1, AMPK, phosphorylated AMPKÃŽ ± T172 (P-AMPK), and phosphorylated ATM S1981 (P-ATM) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies against phosphorylated TBC1D1 (P-TBC1D1) S237 (S231 in mouse) were purchased from EMD Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA). Antibodies against tubulin and ATM were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Pierce Biotechnology (Rockford, IL, USA). The ATM inhibitor KU-55933 was a generous gift from Dr. Graeme Smith (KuDOSPhramaceuticals, Cambridge, UK). The AMPK inhibitor Compound C was provided by Merck Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ, USA). Doxorubicin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. Radiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose and mannitol were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Collection and Processing of Animal Muscle All procedures using live animals were approved by the Saint Louis University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Transgenic mice expressing a truncation mutation of ATM [15] were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Mice that were heterozygous for the transgene were used to breed wild type (ATM+/+) and ATM deficient (ATM-/) mice. After weaning, each mouse was anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (55 mg ketamine and 5.5 mg xylazine per kg), and a tail sample was obtained for genotyping as previously described [15, 16]. Mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed and incubated in vitro as described previously [16, 17]. The incubation media for the muscle consisted of Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHB) containing 8 mM glucose and 32 mM mannitol. Vials containing EDL muscles were gassed with 95% O2 : 5% CO2 and kept gently shaking at 35 ºC. Muscles were incubated for one hour to allow recovery from dissection. Muscles were then transferred into KHB containing 32 mM mannitol and 8 mM glucose in the presence of 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle (DMSO) or 1  µM KU-55933, a concentration sufficient to inhibit ATM [18, 19] but low enough to avoid inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [19]. After 30 minutes, muscles were incubated in KHB with 8 mM glucose and the absence or presence of 2 mM AICAR for one hour with the continued presence of DMSO or KU and 32 mM or 30 mM mannitol to keep osmolarity constant across media. At this point, some muscles were blotted and clamp-frozen with aluminum tongs cooled in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80  ºC for later western blot analysis. Other muscles were subjected to 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake assays as described below. In parallel procedures, EDL muscles from wild-type or ATM-deficient animals were allowed to recover in vitro for one hour, incubated in KHB containing mannitol as described above and in the absence or presence of 2 mM AICAR for one hour and then either clamp-frozen or subjected to 2DG uptake assays as previously reported [16, 17] and briefly described below. 2DG uptake Muscles were washed at 30  ºC in glucose-free KHB containing 40 mM mannitol in the absence or presence of KU-55933 (DMSO vehicle) or, for procedures with the ATM-/- mice, in medium containing neither KU nor DMSO. Muscles were then incubated in KHB containing 4 mM 2DG, 2  µCi/ml 3H-2DG, 36 mM mannitol, 0.3  µCi/ml 14C-mannitol, and 0.1% DMSO or 1  µM KU-55933 if they had been present in earlier incubations. Muscles were clamp-frozen and stored at -80  ºC. Muscles were then homogenized in Kontes ground glass tubes in ice-cold buffer containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 2 mM Na3VO4, 150 mM NaF,10  µg/ml leupeptin, 10  µg/ml aprotinin, 0.5  µg/mL pepstatin and 1 mM phenymethylsulfonylflouride). Homogenates were centrifuged at 4  ºC for 10 minutes at 14,000Ë £g, and supernatant protein concentration was analyzed by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method (Pierce Protein Technologies, Rockland, IL, USA). Supernatant aliquots and aliquots of the incubation media were mixed with Ultima Gold XR scintillation fluid (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA), and samples were assessed by scintillation counting (TriCarb 3110TR, Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA). The disintegrations per minute (DPM) of 14C-mannitol were used to measure the extracellular volume, and intracellular 2DG was calculated from 3H DPM after accounting for 3H DPM in the extracellular space. 2DG transport was expressed as nmol 2DG/mg protein/10 minutes. Western Blotting Samples were homogenized, centrifuged, assayed for protein content as described above, diluted in Laemmli sample buffer containing dithiothreitol, and boiled for 5 minutes. Samples were then analyzed using SDS-PAGE as described previously [20]. Samples were run on 4-20% Tris-HEPES gels (Pierce) and then transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. After transfer, membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween. Proteins on the nitrocellulose membranes were probed with primary and secondary antibodies described in the Materials section and then visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (Western Lightning; PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Western blots were quantified using TotalLab software purchased from TotalLab Nonlinear Dynamics (Newcastle on Tyre, UK). For probing ATM and P-ATM, samples were run on 3-8% Tris-Acetate gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) alongside HiMark (Invitrogen) molecular weight markers. Statistics Data were analyzed by ANOVA with post hoc LSD comparisons. A level of P Results AICAR-stimulated glucose transport ATM’s role in AICAR stimulated glucose transport was assessed in isolated EDL muscle by using either ATM deficient mice or by using the specific ATM inhibitor, KU-55933. As shown in figure 1A, ATM protein was present in only background levels in EDL from ATM-/- mice. As shown in figure 1B, AICAR increased glucose transport in muscle from wild type mice(P AICAR-stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK It has previously been reported that ATM plays a role in AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation in HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts [12]. Thus, we assessed phosphorylation of AMPK to determine whether ATM’s role in AICAR-stimulated glucose transport was through an influence on AMPK phosphorylation. As shown in figure 2A, AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation was normal in muscle from ATM-/- mice. Likewise, AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation was unaffected by the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 (figure 2B). Phosphorylation of TBC1D1 The RabGTPase activating protein (GAP) TBC1D1 is required for stimulation of glucose transport by AICAR [21]. Furthermore, phosphorylation of mouse TBC1D1 at S231 (corresponding to S237 of human TBC1D1) in response to AICAR occurs concomitant with an increase in glucosetransport [22-24], and S231 phosphorylation appears to be necessary to convey insulin-responsiveness to TBC1D1 [25]. Intriguingly, S231 and the surrounding amino acids (F-S-Q) match the consensushydrophobic-serine/threonine-glutamine (à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  -S/T-Q) motif of ATM targets [26, 27]. While phosphorylation of this site is increased by the AMPK activators phenformin and AICAR [28], and the site is an in vitro target of AMPK [28], this does not rule out the possibility that another kinase could act on the site. Thus, we hypothesized that S231 phosphorylation in response to AICAR would be dependent on ATM. As shown in figure3, AICAR increased phosphorylation of TBC1D1 S231 in EDL from wild type mice (P Discussion The new information provided by this study is that AICAR-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is dependent on ATM. Additionally, this role for ATM in AICAR-stimulated glucose uptake does not involve an effect at the level of AMPK phosphorylation but instead is associated with altered phosphorylation of TBC1D1, downstream of AMPK. Based on data that the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 blunted activation of AMPK by metformin in a hepatoma cell line, Zhou et al proposed that ATM acts upstream of AMPK [2]. However, two independent groups have shown that KU-55933 prevents AMPK activation by metformin through inhibition of the cation transporter responsible for metformin uptake rather than through inhibition of ATM [3, 4]. In hepatocytes, ultraviolet light irradiation stimulated phosphorylation of the ATM target H2AX, but had no effect on AMPK activity [4]. Additionally, caffeine, which inhibits ATM,suppressed phosphorylation of H2AX but not activation of AMPK by metformin [4] . Finally, while hydrogen peroxide activated both AMPK and ATM in HEK293 cells, KU-55933 prevented ATM autophosphorylation but did not interfere with AMPK activity [4]. Together, these data [4] suggest that ATM does not act upstream of AMPK, at least in hepatocytes or HEK293 cells. While it has been reported that ATM acts upstream of AMPK inHeLa cells, lung cancer cells, fibroblasts, lymphoblasts, and embryonic fibroblasts [10-14], it seems unlikely that tissues corresponding to these cell lines would play a meaningful role in glucose homeostasis. Intriguingly, however, the increase in insulin sensitivity and a concomitant increase in autophosphorylated ATM in L6 myotubes in response to serum starvation was found to be dependent on AMPK, while inhibition of ATM prevented increased insulin action but not an increase in AMPK phosphorylation in serum starved myotubes [18]. Together, the data from serum-starved myotubes [18]suggest that ATM could act downstream of AMPK in regulation of glucose transport. The current data showing blunted glucose transport despite normal phosphorylation of AMPK in response to AICAR in ATM-deficient skeletal muscle or muscle exposed to KU-55933 are consistent with the idea of ATM acting downstream of AMPK. AMPK is a heterotrimerof ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², and ÃŽ ³ subunits, each with multiple isoforms [30]. The two main activating upstream kinases for AMPK are liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase ÃŽ ² [31], though there are some reports that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of AMPK does not require LKB1 [11, 32] and could indeed be through direct phosphorylation of AMPK by ATM [11]. Intriguingly, LKB1 is an in vitro substrate for ATM [33], suggesting a potential mechanism for the ATM-dependent phosphorylation of AMPK [14]. However, phosphorylation of LKB1 by ATM does not affect LKB1 activity in vitro or LKB1 localization in vivo [33], so the precise role of LKB1 phosphorylation in activation of AMPK remains uncertain. Clearly, there are cell-type differences in the role of ATM upstream of AMPK, and perhaps these are influenced by factors including the expression profile of AMPK subunit isoforms or the subcellular localizations of ATM, AMPK, and LKB1. The current study, as the first to demonstrate a role of ATM in insulin-independent glucose transport, adds to the growing body of literature suggesting a role for ATM in glucoregulation. For example, young mice that lack functional ATM are hyperglycemic compared to wild-type animals during oral glucose tolerance tests [34]. Likewise, for mice with an ApoE-/- background, animals that have only one allele ofATMthat codes for functional protein are hyperglycemic during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests compared to mice with two wild-type ATM alleles [35]. Finally, inhibition of ATM decreases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle-derived cell lines [16, 32], and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is blunted in L6 cells expressing kinase-dead ATM and in mouse skeletal muscle from animals deficient in ATM [16, 32]. Quite interestingly, while ATM plays a role upstream of Akt in response to insulin in some cell lines and in glycolytic skeletal muscle [ 16, 20, 36], the point of influence of ATM in insulin signaling leading to glucose transport in oxidative muscle is downstream of Akt at theRabGAP AS160/TBC1D4 [16, 20]which, like TBC1D1, acts on Rabs 2A, 8A, 8B, 10, and 14 [37]. Thus, ATM influences both insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AS160 [16, 20] and AICAR-stimulated phosphorylation of TBC1D1 in skeletal muscle. In summary, this study provides the first evidence for a role of ATM in AICAR-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Thus, ATM plays key roles in both insulin-dependent [16]and insulin-independent stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, suggesting a basis for the association of ATM variants with glycemic profiles recently reported [2, 7].

The Peoples Guide to Knowing your Townies :: Papers

The People's Guide to Knowing your Townies Loud, Aggressive, Hostile. This crowd of people will not be seen without another beside them. They enjoy walking around in a large group, known to them as a 'crew' or a 'gang' or a 'posse' there are many other names not listed, the reason for this is because townies have a short attention span causing them to create their own imaginative names up when the original gets boring. All types of townie are obnoxious creatures; if you are ever unlucky enough to witness a group of them maintain a running distance. Since most townies are cowards do not fear when walking past one when they are on their own since they only act cocky when they outnumber you. There are many different classes of townies to be aware of, these areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Townie tramps This race of townie prefers to wear old out of date clothes, colours faded away or aluminous. The most well known clothing of a townie tramp consists of; a pair of Addidas joggers, faded aluminous green which they see as the best colour, a faded grey Nike t-shirt with a large Nike tick which fills most of the front of the t-shirt. A matching tracksuit jacket would do nicely, again faded aluminous green. The footwear is usually some old football boots Astroturf soles of course. That is your average clothing of a townie tramp. These people don't usually hang around in large gangs, although they do hang around in gangs but most often in their own street. Playing football in the middle of the road is their favourite pass time. These people usually are aggressive obnoxious and tough. They do not fear when an opposing gang outnumbers them since they don't usually lose. This type of townie is not a fight starter although if in a big enough gang would most likely attempt a riot. My advice would be to not be afraid but perhaps cross the street if on your own, not taking any chances. Designer townies The most well known and most well hated townie is by far the designer The People's Guide to Knowing your Townies :: Papers The People's Guide to Knowing your Townies Loud, Aggressive, Hostile. This crowd of people will not be seen without another beside them. They enjoy walking around in a large group, known to them as a 'crew' or a 'gang' or a 'posse' there are many other names not listed, the reason for this is because townies have a short attention span causing them to create their own imaginative names up when the original gets boring. All types of townie are obnoxious creatures; if you are ever unlucky enough to witness a group of them maintain a running distance. Since most townies are cowards do not fear when walking past one when they are on their own since they only act cocky when they outnumber you. There are many different classes of townies to be aware of, these areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Townie tramps This race of townie prefers to wear old out of date clothes, colours faded away or aluminous. The most well known clothing of a townie tramp consists of; a pair of Addidas joggers, faded aluminous green which they see as the best colour, a faded grey Nike t-shirt with a large Nike tick which fills most of the front of the t-shirt. A matching tracksuit jacket would do nicely, again faded aluminous green. The footwear is usually some old football boots Astroturf soles of course. That is your average clothing of a townie tramp. These people don't usually hang around in large gangs, although they do hang around in gangs but most often in their own street. Playing football in the middle of the road is their favourite pass time. These people usually are aggressive obnoxious and tough. They do not fear when an opposing gang outnumbers them since they don't usually lose. This type of townie is not a fight starter although if in a big enough gang would most likely attempt a riot. My advice would be to not be afraid but perhaps cross the street if on your own, not taking any chances. Designer townies The most well known and most well hated townie is by far the designer

Culture Difference Essay -- Essays Papers

Culture Difference The first culture difference that many Japanese find in America is their greeting customs. Although the greeting is one of the simplest human communications, both countries have different methods of greeting each other. Three differences include introduction, self-introduction, and departure. In addition, the main reason for the difference is that Americans use verbal greetings and the Japanese use nonverbal greetings. First, the order of introduction in the U.S. is the reverse of the Japanese way. In America, generally elderly people are introduced first. For example, one of my friends invited me to his house, and he introduced his father first, then his mother, his older brother, and his young sister. After that he introduced me to his family. In contrast, the traditional rule is the opposite in Japan. In other words, young people have to be introduced first in Japan. This rule is the sort of manner in Japan, and the people who do not follow this regulation are considered rude. The methodology of self-introduction varies between America and Japan. Ameri...

The Daily Life of a Union Soldier

The nation was split in two over the concept of slavery. The Northern abolitionists felt strongly against slavery while the Southern plantation owners were set on maintaining slave labor. South Carolina paved the way for Southern states to secede from the United States of America. Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas soon followed in early 1861 (Roark, 455). Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed in the secession of fellow southern states following the attack on Fort Sumter (Roark, 464).From this point on, the Union and the Confederacy were set in stone. This was the root of the bloody Civil War. Millions of Americans enlisted in the army to support their beliefs and half of the nation. Soldiers faced harsh conditions not only on the battlefield, but also in their camps. The daily life of a Union soldier consisted of hours of drills, minimal food rations, and harsh conditions while fighting to end slavery. The Union soldiers shared many sim ilarities. To enlist as a soldier the boy had to be at least 18 years old.Most were in their late teens and early twenties though boys as young as 15 reportedly enlisted and lied about their age (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Bell Wiley described the solders as â€Å"white, native-born, farmer, protestant, single, and between the age of 18 and 29. † The average soldier was 5’8† tall and weighed 143 pounds (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). These men came from a variety of places since the North featured an industrial economy. Most of the soldiers were farmers, but hundreds of previous careers were recorded. Some men were accountants, locksmiths, masons, painters, etc.  (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1).The youth and variety of occupations of the enlisted featured inexperienced soldiers. According to â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† out of the 2. 75 million soldiers that fought in the Civil War, 2 million of them were from th e North. Of these 2 million,  ¼ were immigrants. 200,000 came from Germany, 150,000 were Irish, 45,000 were English, and 15,000 came from Canada (1). By the end of the war in 1865, 10% of Union troops were African Americans (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). These men were not only fighting to support the Union but also for their freedom.Since white soldiers were fighting to support the Union the majority of the time, some financial compensation was provided to bring in more troops. The average wage for a Union soldier was $11 per month (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). These payments were irregular, though. Sometimes a soldier would wait six months before receiving even a single month’s earning (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). In 1864, the Confederacy raised their payments to $18 a month, and not long after the Union raised theirs to $16 (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1).While soldiers were brin ging in little money, a three star general could have earned as much as $700 per month (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). The earnings of each type of soldier demonstrate the diversity in their roles in the war. While some men only fought to make money for their family, some men fought to preserve the Union and to abolish slavery (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). This quote demonstrates the pride soldiers had in what they were fighting for and showed some men would go to extreme lengths for what they believe in. â€Å"It has rained for a week and the roads are muddy.After marching for 20 miles it is not pleasant to lie down at night in the wet without any cover. I am tired- in fact I never was so tired in my life. But Hurrah! It is all for the Union! †-Elisha Rhodes The soldier’s pride was also shown through their standardized uniforms. The Union uniforms were more standardized than the Confederacy’s though some wore European style c lothing or no uniform at all (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). The dark blue uniforms were made from a heavy wool and worn with leather billed caps and stiff shoes (Winthrop, 1).The soldiers may not have been comfortable but they were easily recognized through their regulation uniforms. Along with the uniforms, the soldiers also carried many necessities with them. According to (Winthrop, 1), they had knapsacks with extra clothes, rolled up wool, and rubber blankets. They carried haversacks with foods such as sat pork, coffee, sugar, dried peas, or pressed sheets of desiccated vegetables. A small canteen was carried over each man’s shoulder (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). A Union soldier’s uniform can be seen in Figure 1.Another item required for all soldiers was guns. Arms were in short supply, though, and they would sometimes have to wait months before a new shipment would arrive (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). This lack o f arms led to soldiers having to be conscious about what they do with and how they use their weapons. Knowledge of how to use weapons was taught during a camp’s daily routine. Soldiers would wake at the crack of dawn for roll call to ensure no one had tried to run during the night (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). After role call, daily duties were assigned.Some men would be assigned to kitchen duty while others may have been in charge of arms for the day (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Breakfast came next which was followed by drills. Soldiers would spend hours in the hot sun wearing their wool uniforms practicing battle formations or combat skills. The men would return to camp drenched in sweat and extremely tired (Alstyne, 1). After a hard day’s work it was not uncommon to find groups of people surrounding fires cooking and singing songs along with talking about the latest camp news (â€Å"Co mparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†).Union soldiers favored songs like the â€Å"Battle Cry of Freedom,† â€Å"Red, White, and Blue,† and the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner† (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). At 10:30 P. M. on the dot it was lights out so everyone could get some rest for the next day or exhaustion (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Although soldiers hoped to get a good night’s rest, the sleeping conditions were not the best. Most camps had a single blanket on the ground with another as a cover (Alstyne, 1). Some lucky men got to sleep on straw mattresses (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†).The soldiers were exposed to nature at night due to the lack of cover provided by the tents. Muslin was drawn over a pole 3 feet from the ground and open at both ends (Alstyne, 1). This was considered â€Å"home† to the typical Union soldier. If it was raini ng, they had to sleep on the wet ground. Bugs and rodents were also common nighttime visitors at camp (Alstyne, 1). Most men did not get the rest they required from hours of strenuous drills during the day, leading to extreme exhaustion throughout the army. Not only were sleeping conditions undesirable, but the food the soldiers ate was not the best, either.The most common meal was salted meats, â€Å"hardtrack,† and coffee (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1). Hardtrack was a term coined for the tasteless, hard crackers men became accustomed to eating. The feeling of being full was a sensation that was practically unheard of in the Union army. Food rations were small and far between so sometimes the soldiers would resort to foraging for fruits, berries, and game animals to satisfy their hunger (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Although food on the camps had little to no taste,everyone scraped their tin plates clean (Alstyne, 1). The starving soldiers would have eaten anything if it meant their stomach pains would temporarily subside. When the men were not doing drills or eating meals, they often found themselves bored. Some men would do chores like cook or clean (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Games or dominoes, poker, or baseball often broke out in camps (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). With the increasing literacy rates, many men could write home during free time (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1).Along with writing, more and more men would read newspapers and journals. Although the soldiers had some time to themselves, they still had to be ready at a moment’s notice. Cycles of marching and intense fighting were included in the lives of soldiers in the North (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1). Periods of fighting led to mass injuries in the Union army. 360,000 men died during the Civil War from the North- about 110,000 in battle and 225,000 o f disease (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). The massive spread of disease through the army was linked to unsanitary conditions (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1).Water sources were fouled so not only were the soldiers affected but also the environment and the residents in that area (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). The injured did not fare much better than the ill. Doctors could do little for torso wounds, so these men were often doomed to die. Injuries to the extremities were often amputated (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Life as a Union soldier was not easy. It involved hours of strenuous training on a daily basis paired with poor sleeping conditions.These men gave their lives to fight for what they believed in and supported: the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery. A soldier never knew what the following day would hold. Would they be playing a friendly game of baseball at camp, marching to their next battle site, or be g reeted with a day of intense fighting? 360,000 of the 2 million soldiers were killed during the war (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). Fear did not stop soldiers from enlisting, though. Thousands of men signed up and left the lives they knew for small tents and tasteless hardtrack. The Daily Life of a Union Soldier The nation was split in two over the concept of slavery. The Northern abolitionists felt strongly against slavery while the Southern plantation owners were set on maintaining slave labor. South Carolina paved the way for Southern states to secede from the United States of America. Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas soon followed in early 1861 (Roark, 455). Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed in the secession of fellow southern states following the attack on Fort Sumter (Roark, 464).From this point on, the Union and the Confederacy were set in stone. This was the root of the bloody Civil War. Millions of Americans enlisted in the army to support their beliefs and half of the nation. Soldiers faced harsh conditions not only on the battlefield, but also in their camps. The daily life of a Union soldier consisted of hours of drills, minimal food rations, and harsh conditions while fighting to end slavery. The Union soldiers shared many sim ilarities. To enlist as a soldier the boy had to be at least 18 years old.Most were in their late teens and early twenties though boys as young as 15 reportedly enlisted and lied about their age (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Bell Wiley described the solders as â€Å"white, native-born, farmer, protestant, single, and between the age of 18 and 29. † The average soldier was 5’8† tall and weighed 143 pounds (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). These men came from a variety of places since the North featured an industrial economy. Most of the soldiers were farmers, but hundreds of previous careers were recorded. Some men were accountants, locksmiths, masons, painters, etc.  (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1).The youth and variety of occupations of the enlisted featured inexperienced soldiers. According to â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† out of the 2. 75 million soldiers that fought in the Civil War, 2 million of them were from th e North. Of these 2 million, ? were immigrants. 200,000 came from Germany, 150,000 were Irish, 45,000 were English, and 15,000 came from Canada (1). By the end of the war in 1865, 10% of Union troops were African Americans (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). These men were not only fighting to support the Union but also for their freedom.Since white soldiers were fighting to support the Union the majority of the time, some financial compensation was provided to bring in more troops. The average wage for a Union soldier was $11 per month (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). These payments were irregular, though. Sometimes a soldier would wait six months before receiving even a single month’s earning (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). In 1864, the Confederacy raised their payments to $18 a month, and not long after the Union raised theirs to $16 (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1).While soldiers were bringin g in little money, a three star general could have earned as much as $700 per month (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). The earnings of each type of soldier demonstrate the diversity in their roles in the war. While some men only fought to make money for their family, some men fought to preserve the Union and to abolish slavery (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). This quote demonstrates the pride soldiers had in what they were fighting for and showed some men would go to extreme lengths for what they believe in. â€Å"It has rained for a week and the roads are muddy.After marching for 20 miles it is not pleasant to lie down at night in the wet without any cover. I am tired- in fact I never was so tired in my life. But Hurrah! It is all for the Union! †-Elisha Rhodes The soldier’s pride was also shown through their standardized uniforms. The Union uniforms were more standardized than the Confederacy’s though some wore European style clot hing or no uniform at all (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). The dark blue uniforms were made from a heavy wool and worn with leather billed caps and stiff shoes (Winthrop, 1).The soldiers may not have been comfortable but they were easily recognized through their regulation uniforms. Along with the uniforms, the soldiers also carried many necessities with them. According to (Winthrop, 1), they had knapsacks with extra clothes, rolled up wool, and rubber blankets. They carried haversacks with foods such as sat pork, coffee, sugar, dried peas, or pressed sheets of desiccated vegetables. A small canteen was carried over each man’s shoulder (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). A Union soldier’s uniform can be seen in Figure 1.Another item required for all soldiers was guns. Arms were in short supply, though, and they would sometimes have to wait months before a new shipment would arrive (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). This lack of a rms led to soldiers having to be conscious about what they do with and how they use their weapons. Knowledge of how to use weapons was taught during a camp’s daily routine. Soldiers would wake at the crack of dawn for roll call to ensure no one had tried to run during the night (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). After role call, daily duties were assigned.Some men would be assigned to kitchen duty while others may have been in charge of arms for the day (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Breakfast came next which was followed by drills. Soldiers would spend hours in the hot sun wearing their wool uniforms practicing battle formations or combat skills. The men would return to camp drenched in sweat and extremely tired (Alstyne, 1). After a hard day’s work it was not uncommon to find groups of people surrounding fires cooking and singing songs along with talking about the latest camp news (â€Å"Compa ring Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†).Union soldiers favored songs like the â€Å"Battle Cry of Freedom,† â€Å"Red, White, and Blue,† and the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner† (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). At 10:30 P. M. on the dot it was lights out so everyone could get some rest for the next day or exhaustion (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Although soldiers hoped to get a good night’s rest, the sleeping conditions were not the best. Most camps had a single blanket on the ground with another as a cover (Alstyne, 1). Some lucky men got to sleep on straw mattresses (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†).The soldiers were exposed to nature at night due to the lack of cover provided by the tents. Muslin was drawn over a pole 3 feet from the ground and open at both ends (Alstyne, 1). This was considered â€Å"home† to the typical Union soldier. If it was raining, they had to sleep on the wet ground. Bugs and rodents were also common nighttime visitors at camp (Alstyne, 1). Most men did not get the rest they required from hours of strenuous drills during the day, leading to extreme exhaustion throughout the army. Not only were sleeping conditions undesirable, but the food the soldiers ate was not the best, either.The most common meal was salted meats, â€Å"hardtrack,† and coffee (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1). Hardtrack was a term coined for the tasteless, hard crackers men became accustomed to eating. The feeling of being full was a sensation that was practically unheard of in the Union army. Food rations were small and far between so sometimes the soldiers would resort to foraging for fruits, berries, and game animals to satisfy their hunger (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†).Although food on the camps had little to no taste,  everyone scraped their tin plates clean (Alstyne, 1). The starving soldiers would have eaten anything if it meant their stomach pains would temporarily subside. When the men were not doing drills or eating meals, they often found themselves bored. Some men would do chores like cook or clean (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Games or dominoes, poker, or baseball often broke out in camps (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). With the increasing literacy rates, many men could write home during free time (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1).Along with writing, more and more men would read newspapers and journals. Although the soldiers had some time to themselves, they still had to be ready at a moment’s notice. Cycles of marching and intense fighting were included in the lives of soldiers in the North (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1). Periods of fighting led to mass injuries in the Union army. 360,000 men died during the Civil War from the North- about 110,000 in battle and 225,000 o f disease (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). The massive spread of disease through the army was linked to unsanitary conditions (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1).Water sources were fouled so not only were the soldiers affected but also the environment and the residents in that area (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). The injured did not fare much better than the ill. Doctors could do little for torso wounds, so these men were often doomed to die. Injuries to the extremities were often amputated (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Life as a Union soldier was not easy. It involved hours of strenuous training on a daily basis paired with poor sleeping conditions.These men gave their lives to fight for what they believed in and supported: the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery. A soldier never knew what the following day would hold. Would they be playing a friendly game of baseball at camp, marching to their next battle site, or be g reeted with a day of intense fighting? 360,000 of the 2 million soldiers were killed during the war (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). Fear did not stop soldiers from enlisting, though. Thousands of men signed up and left the lives they knew for small tents and tasteless hardtrack.