Earth Layers Research Paper

How do scientists whop what is in the center of the orb? How can we know what the centerfield of the earth is made of, if scientists cook never studied any materials from a depth below 7. 5 miles? hide is approximately 4. 6 billion years old, and over this time period, many things have changed inside and out. The formation of our planet is quite a amazing. Earth consists of multiple seams. The three most distinct or main layers are the means, mantle and pertness. The home(a) portion is the core, in the middle is the mantle, and the outside is the crust.Over the course of this paper, the art object and formation of these layers will be described more specifically. According to Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology, The inner core did not pull through early in earths history, when our planet was hotter. However, as the Earth cooled, iron began to crystalize at the center to form the solid inner core and even today the inner core continues to conjure as the planet cool s. The idea is that the core is composed of an iron-nickel alloy with traces of oxygen, silicon, and sulfur. The average density of this iron privileged substance is fourteen times the density of water.The core is split into two separate regions, inner and outer(a) core. The inner core is spherical and has a radius of 750 miles. The iron located indoors the inner core is solid, despite the high temperature this is because of the mighty pressures in the middle of earth. The outer core is about 1400 miles thick and is a layer of liquid. Earths magnetic field is the cause of the movement of metallic iron within this eye socket. The mantle contains eighty two percent of the volume of Earth. It is described as a rocky, solid chew out that goes 1800 miles deep. The mantle consists of an top(prenominal) and lower section.From the edge of the crust to about four hundred miles deep is considered the upper mantle. The upper mantle is divided into three separate servings. The geo arena forms the rigid outer shell of Earth, do it the upper most part. In some areas below continents it can be more than 250 kilometers thick. Below the litho empyrean lies the as consequentlyosphere, which is a soft and weak layer. The top part of this layer has a temperature that causes some melting, which causes the lithosphere to divert from the layer and move independently. The upper part of the asthenosphere is near its melting point which makes it so weak.Below the asthenosphere, raven about 660 kilometers deep is the section of the mantle cognise as the transition zone. The lower mantle is the largest part of the mantle. It lies at a depth of 660 kilometers down to 2900 kilometers. Increased pressure causes the mantle to strengthen as it becomes deeper. in that location is a layer between the lowest part of the rocky mantle and the hot outer core known as the Dee double prime. The face or rocky outer skin of the earth is known as the crust. The major features of the crust i nclude the difference between the continental crust and naval crust. ocean crust is composed of basalt, a dark igneous rock, and is roughly quint miles thick. Continental crust consists of many rock types, unlike oceanic crust. The thickness of continental crust averages about twenty five miles, but can be up to forty miles thick in some mountainous areas. Oceanic crust is denser because of the basalt in it. All the layers that make up the solid Earth are considered the geosphere. Above this sphere is called the biosphere. The biosphere includes all forms of life on our planet. The hydrosphere is a mass amount of water that is constantly on the move.From the oceans, it evaporates to the airwave, precipitates to the land, and then runs back to the ocean. About seventy percent of the planets surface consists of global ocean. The final sphere of Earth is the atmosphere and without it life here would not exist. The atmosphere is divided into five layers. The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth. This layer starts at the surface of Earth and extends outward about ten miles. It is in this area that weather occurs. Roughly eighty percent of the atmosphere is located in the troposphere.The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere. This layer extends thirty miles above the planets surface. The temperature of this layer does rise, however it still remains below freezing. The close layer is the mesosphere, and rises about forty to fifty miles above the surface of Earth. The air is very thin in this layer and can reach temperatures as low as -184 degrees Fahrenheit. This layer is considered the middle atmosphere along with the troposphere. The thermosphere extends several hundred miles above the surface. The temperature of this layer can rise up to 2000 degrees Celsius.The thermosphere is considered the upper atmosphere. The top of the thermosphere is known as the exosphere. The exosphere rises 6200 miles above the Earth. This layer is ca lled the outermost layer of Earths atmosphere. So how do we know what we know? Geologists have discovered a lot about the core of our planet by expression at Earths magnetic field and measuring seismic waves as they pass through the earth. Changes in these waves are studied, and Geologists are able to draw up conclusions about the Earths density and what it must aspect like inside.Rocks that originated in the mantle, and were collected at Earths surface have provided evidence that supports the composition of our planets interior. Meteorites also provide important clues for the composition of the core and mantle. These meteorites are important because they show samples of planetesimals, the material from which Earth and the inner planets were formed. Advances in technology have provided studies that support composition and density of the layers of Earth, such as the asylum of seismic wave studies that indicate what we know of the Earths layers today.Bibliography wwkidsgeo.com/geol ogy en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_core Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology. Tenth edition. Tarbuck Lutgens and Tasa geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/p/layeratmosphere.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layers_of_the_atmosphere