Business analysis and overview of titan watches

Business analysis and overview of titan watches Titan is one of the largest watch producer in India and sixth largest in the world. Titan manufactures over 7 million watches per annum and have 65 million customer. In 1984 titan was established as a joint venture between the Tata Group and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation. Manufacturing in a state- of -the art at Hosur, Tamil Nadu the company brought the large change in Indian market, by offering quartz technology with international styling. By understanding the different segments in the market, the company launched its second brand Sonata watch, as value brand for those who like styled watches with affordable prices. In last two decade the company has build an very good impression in watch business to become Indias largest manufacturer and world largest sixth manufacturer of watches. This was mainly because good formidable distribution network. Being one of largest retail chain of exclusive retail showroom for watches called The world of Titan spread over 100 towns. Titan have branches over 30 countries, its also have multi brand outlets named Time Zone, service centres and dealer outlets. The company has watch plant at Dehradun (UP) and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and electronic circuit boards in Goa. The promoters held majority stake of the company, with Tidco having 28% of the shares and Tata Group companies owing 25% of the shares and the public sharing holding around 28% in the company. The rest stake is held by the foreign institution, non resident Indian, mutual fund and other institution. It also acquires a license for global brands such as Tommy Hilfiger and Hugo Boss, while. It has also in its portfolio its first Swiss Made watch brand Xylys. In 1995 the company capitalize to brand Tanishq as diversified into jewellery in fragmented market operating no brand in urban city. Also in 2005 the company launched its second Jewellery brand, GoldPlus, as using its opportunity for capitalizing in small town and rural India. Its also diversified into fashion Eyewear by launching Fastrack Eye Gear sunglasses as well as prescription eyewear. Investigation and analysis Under the help of moderate implementation and control, it is evident that product development strategies fit for Titan and bring maximized profit to it. Core Competency Each purchases are delivered with Quality is Titans core competency and this for the lower segment watches like maxima and HMT. Whenever any people buy Titan watches they know its a piece of quality and is backed by a Tatas. Titans innovations in the area of style, uniqueness, technology and they have a market from steel to gold to diamonds. Titan Edge is an only creation in the world, owned by Titan. Situation Analysis: Environmental Analysis: Environmental analysis helps Titan to understand what is happening both inside and Outside the company and to increase the probability that the strategies will appropriately Reflects its organizational environment, PEST analysis for Titan consists of following Factors: Political: It has a stable Government Tinges of liberalization Foreign brands had started entering the Indian market with government permission. Economic: Current economic downturn The purchasing power of consumers has decreased due to credit crunch and recession and they may also spend less on luxury items. E-commerce is becoming prevalent Protected Economy Social: There is been a lot changes in lifestyle Indians Patronizing the Foreign brand. Increasing aspirations Grey Market Good Quality/foreign brands bought to India (http://www.scribd.com/doc/37204122/Swatch-Mkting-Plan) Technological: Having a better technological practices Quartz watches was the future Technological products were having better preference Watches were traditional mechanical (http://www.scribd.com/doc/37204122/Swatch-Mkting-Plan) Competitive Analysis: Competitive analysis is a vital part of a marketing plan. Its purpose is to determine the strength and weaknesses of the competitors within the market. Porters Five Forces analysis for Titan can be interpreted as follows: New Entrants: Strong brand recognition and customer loyalty, Titan is a popular brand among customers substitution. Many brands provide with range of similar styles Threat from counter felt products Buyer Power: Buyer power is high in this industry simply due to the presence of so many competitors selling the same products. It is only differentiated in price and consumer loyalty Overall Intensity of Rivalry: Intense competition within in a very crowded market (http://www.scribd.com/doc/37204122/Swatch-Mkting-Plan) SWOT ANALYSIS: Swot analysis is the overall evaluation of a companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats and is a way to monitoring the external and internal marketing environment (Kotler, 2009, p.89). Strengths: Strong brand and customer loyalty Repositioning into in the fashion market. A wide range of products with different designs across all price points Production and training facility is flexible enough to adapt new technologies. Industrial relations is good. Till date company did not encounter any kind of labour or industrial relations problem which can put company into jeopardy. Watch industry is growing industry which faster rate As the population is rising, the watch market is also expanding Customers are not very price sensitive as far as quality watch is concerned Weakness: There is not much advertising done by watch industry No innovation in products There are few number of exclusive showrooms that reduces the consumers accessibility to the product Low asset turnover ratio Weak employee productively No emphasis on RD and designs It lacks team spirits and awareness which can result in low utilization of human and machine capacities. Opportunities: There is more need of fashionable luxury watch and fine luxury watch brands that can be targeted in UK, as customers are more like trendsetter and fashionable. UK especially London is a metropolitan city which makes it more attractive for the new company. Youth are more brand conscious than their predecessors. That leads to the expansion of the market for branded watches. E-commerce offers trading opportunities The credit crunch can force customers to buy low priced items over luxury items Threats: There are many foreign players entering in the race Too many players will dilute the market and the profit margin. Mobile phones acting as substitutes of the watches. Counterfeit products Intense competition between different companies within a crowded market Current economic recession and policy of price fixing decrease the sales (http://www.scribd.com/doc/40142805/Marketing-Strategy-of-Titan-Watches1) The Indian watch industry began in the year 1961 with the commissioning of the watch division of Titan. The first watch model manufactured by HMT was the Janata model in the year 1962. HMT was the leader in the watch market till the Tatas formed Titan watches in association with Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation in the year 1987. They took a major strategy decision, which later changed the face of the Indian watch market to manufacture only quartz watches. Liberalisation in 1992 and removal of quantitative restrictions due to WTO has opened the doors for many the Indian market viz. Tissot, Swatch, Omega, Rado, TAGHeuer. The import duties on watches are falling which makes the Indian market look attractive for the global majors like Casio, Swatch and Citizen. Recommendations: MARKETING OBJECTIVES: Titans wants to become the creative and innovative leading brand in global market and establish a strong brand image in the mind of consumers and its financial objectives includes its profit to increase by 10% annually, sales to increase by 21.7% over the next 2 years. Strategic Options and Strategic Choice: According to the SWOT analysis above, it is evident the Titan has a steady presence in the fashion market with strong brand image and customer loyalty. In order to maintain and take advantages of such strengths, Titan should adopt the market penetration strategy which means to sell existing products into existing markets with the objectives of securing the dominance of current market and increasing market share from current products. (kotler, 2009, p.85). Comparing with the cost- leadership strategy and the product development strategy, the former calls for price cutting when selling products It not only reduces companys sales profit, but also affects its brand image. The latter strategy requires company to develop a new product, which may cost so much money and time to do the market research and product test. Therefore, Market penetration strategy is considered as the core strategy for TITAN. According to my suggestions titan should use Ansoffs product/market matrix in order to be creative and innovative brand in global market. As Ansoff growth matrix is a tool which helps businesses to decide their product and market growth strategy. Ansoffs product/market growth gives an idea to businesses growing depends on whether it markets new or existing products in new or existing markets. http://tutor2u.net/business/images/Ansoff%20Matrix%20w500.gif Daigram2: http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm The above diagram illustrates the way ansoffs product/market matrix works. Once Titan knows where they should put the new product in the existing market they also need have a proper STP (Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning) at the time of launching a product. Segmentation and Targeting: As Kotler, Philip (2009, p.247) defined that segmentation is to divide a market in to distinct groups of buyers with different needs, characteristics of behaviour, who might require separate products. The profile for the Titans ideal customers consists of following factors: Demographic: Gender: Male and Female, in 2007, 11.1% of women bought watches for self, while 9.3% went to men, 5.3% of women bought watches for someone else, while 3.4% went to men. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/24305562/Titan-STP) Age: In terms of amount of people who purchased watches during 2007, 15-19 accounted for 23.4%, 20-24 accounted for 18.1% and 25 34 accounted to 16.9% Lifestyle: Consumers in UK are more inclined towards the trendy styles which represent their uniqueness and taste and personality. FasTrack, Raga, Sonata, Xylys, Nebula and Flip are sub-brands within Titan that are aimed at the youth, men, women and children Sonata is the value for money watch brand from Titan industries. It is targeted at consumers seeking durability and value with a clear positioning of No compromise watch. FasTrack was positioned as a youth brand. The young Indian racing driver Narain Karthikeyan was the brand ambassador. The company used focused distribution supplementing its watch outlets with youth focused outlets like music stores and internet cafà ©s for FasTrack. Titan targeted its Raga watches at women in the premium segment which gave them the feeling of intimacy. The company realized that more women were wearing watches for functions. It offered slimmed down and sleeker watches for women. The Raga range remained for more special reasons, like marriages or parties. Xylys comes from the House of Titan, is targeting a new generation of achievers who are looking for symbols to reflect their lifestyle, attitude, moods and beliefs. Nebula-precious jewellery watches from Titan. It is a collection of intricately carved designs for women inspired by floral patterns and these watches are engraved with beautiful patterns in gold and precious stones. This is for the premium segment. Titan Edge and Titan Steel are the mainstream Titan products which enhance the brands image of leadership, innovation and pride. Titan is considered to have one of the successful segmentation and targeting. Titan adopted a strategy of focus. Titan tries to achieve competitive advantage by optimizing its strategy in the different market segments. Once the firm has identified its market segment, it must decide which ones to target (Kotler, 2009, p.267). Titan will focus on working women among the 24 35 age group. Firstly, it is clear that female purchasing goods for themselves more than male and they take the lead in the whole market. Therefore, in order to be more self aware in the fashion sense and more likely to be in influenced by trends, as well as lifestyle, women willing to spend more on themselves. Secondly, more recently there is a downward tendency in the number of marriage in the UK. Two main drivers are behind it. One is single people increased from 3 million in 1997 million to 9.2 million in 2007. The other is the average age at which couples are getting married has risen to 32 for men and 29 for women. Therefore, the 24 35 age groups may be more established in independent finance and lifestyle. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/24305562/Titan-STP) Targeting: Titans watch TIME RAGA is an exclusive watch for women. The TIME RAGA collection is elegant, delicate and feminine with each piece being truly unique. It includes an exclusive collection of decorative motifs with studded bracelets. It is mainly inspired for working women class. It is crafted exclusively for sophisticated woman, who wears silver jewellery with elan, the TIME RAGA makes a perfect accessory that completes a womans wardrobe. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/24305562/Titan-STP) Positioning: In UK TIME RAGA is positioned as the slimmest watch in the universe. All good things are packaged small or can be packaged slimmest in the world. Brand positioning of TIME RAGA: Promise of purity and a unique experience: its design and retail innovation have been hallmark of Titans all these years. TIME RAGA guarantees the purity of its jewellery and certifies the quality of its diamonds and coloured gems in writing. Luxury: TIME RAGA will be positioned as a branded jewellery of luxury rather than commodity. It moves jewellery beyond investment to the fashion and adornment sector. It will be positioned as superior product. It will be positioned as a totally new perspective to jewellery buying especially when it comes to exquisite oriental jewellery. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/24305562/Titan-STP) To working women among the 24 to 35 age group, who have strong purchase power, Titan is the watchmaker that produces more unique watches than any other brands for its the most variety of designs. Their high quality but low price make customers move to multi ownership across a range of looks and price points. Titan has managed to get fair market in Middle East and Africa but its failure in Europe was a downturn for the Company as the return was not as good as investment made for the expansion. Titan has decided to revamp its flagship watch brand in Europe mainly in UK. Titan wants to reposition it more youthful and relevant to the changing times. Titan has entered the International markets in 1989 through the export of watch movements. Titans first global footprint was placed in the UAE the largest market in the Middle East then it moved towards Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia and few markets in Africa. Though it faced strong competition, it reached the sales of 100,000 watches within a year of its launch. It started to move globally and moves towards Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and Nepal. After its extensive survey, it concluded that it needs good reason to stock the brand. Titan needs to re-position its brand image in the UK market. And so Titan decided to against soft option of driving its globalization through private label exports. It would launch its product under its own brand with market positioning Therefore Titan found a massive advertising campaign to create brand awareness. It also participated in the fair which showcases the worlds biggest watch brand in the world. Marketing Mix: Price: As achieve our marketing objectives, we can so some change in the pricing. Price needs to have unique benefits which can offer a benefit to the customer in the competitive market. Its often assumed that higher prices are a luxurious product. Titan needs to select the pricing for its product which can be affected and decided by the cost of manufacture, latest plant, and high investment for the product. It can also open duty free shops in the airports such as Gatwick and Birmingham airport and in Eurostar station in London. Eurostar estimates to passenger number will increase from 8.3 million this year to 10 million by 2010 (Railnews, 2007). It can also put banner on the internet such as Face Book. Product: Titans main objectives was to make consumers buy more than one watch to increase market size by increasing it augment demand for watches. It can it product different range for different segments. It should introduce a jewellery watches to attract working women in UK. Product should be customizing to personalize the watch to fit customers taste and make it more unique. It can use specialize features that emphasize more special and limited edition for a youthful, innovative and exciting look. Place: It can create place from positioning. It can attract customers by having its own showroom which will help to increase it purchase in the competitive market. It can also have dedicated exclusive distributions which can exclusive showcase Titan products and its ranges. It can also make an investment in a showroom and also in line with the product positioning. It can rent stores in prime locations which has busy high street which can also help increase its sales. Promotion: Titan can achieve its marketing objectives by exploring its relationships with its suppliers, distributors and all channels which can help to increase its sales. It can come up with promotion tactics such as gift items, promotion themes and etc. It can focus more on its market research feedback which can improve its image in the local and international market. It should focus more on the after sale service which is very important in UK where brands with reputation is recognised. It can endorse its product with celebrity and use their image. Advertising such as print / broadcast ads, posters and leaflets or billboards, it can also use direct and indirect marketing such as E-mails, mobile messages and websites. Conclusion: To increase its visibility, Titan Company can sponsor events similar to fashion shows which all latest designs launched are displayed. This is important as it has a great effect on different segments of the customers in different ways. Titan should also have Tie up with radio channels and television to broadcast and telecast its advertisement about various sales promotions from time to time. Specially, RD needs more investment as customer expectations are changing rapidly. Titan can focus more on introducing more varieties and luxury items in the market at regular interval. Titan should introduce exclusive collection for working women in order to have more contemporary and complements for any fashion styles. Tie up with international watch brands to make the product stronger in the market. Titan should use internet to spread awareness among consumer about the brand. Finally, on the basis of all analyses, it is obvious that market penetration strategy fit for Titan. Titans main target should be working women who own a strong purchasing power and pursue a trendy lifestyle. Therefore, customized watches right aim at this target market. This innovation evolution will essentially not only strengthen its current customer loyalty, but also broaden its consumer base. Selecting the watch parts from a wide range of current watches could reduce the cost. However, due to the limited and unique features, these watches sell with high price. Hence the turnover would be increased thus Titan UK company would make the maximized benefit. http://www.tata.com/article.aspx?artid=8xXL3Vvjg+4= can some points from here..

Stem Cell Research is an Assault on Life Essay -- Argumentative Persua

  Ã‚   Throughout the history of the cloning debate, no Administration of either party funded a research project that relies on destroying live human embryos - until President Bush in 2001 authorized limited funding for such. The Clinton Administration's plans to do so were delayed by public opposition, then halted for good reason by the Bush Administration. The federal government has now decided to partially implement the National Institutes of Health's guidelines for embryonic stem cell research. This has opened the door to broader assaults on innocent human life in the name of research. Congress and this Administration in a limited way endorse the principle that alleged research benefits outweigh the inviolable dignity of innocent human life. Attempts to prevent further abuses will likely be futile, as researchers demand more and more freedom to set aside restrictions that prevent them from realizing their dreams of conquering disease. We applauded the Administration's initial a nnouncement that it supported a complete ban on human cloning.    Most Christians have grave concerns on this critically important issue of embryonic stem cell research. In our view, conducting research that relies on deliberate destruction of human embryos for their stem cells is illegal, immoral and unnecessary.    It is illegal because it violates an appropriations rider (the Dickey amendment) passed every year since 1995 by Congress. That provision forbids funding "research in which" human embryos (whether initially created for research purposes or not) are harmed or destroyed outside the womb.(1) National Institutes of Health guidelines approved by the Clinton Administration nonetheless give researchers detailed instructions on how to ... ...eficiency (SCID)-X1 Disease," 288 Science 669-72 (28 April 2000).    16. K. Foss, "Paraplegic regains movement after cell procedure," The Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 15, 2001 at A1.    17. E. Ryan et al., "Glycemic Outcome Post Islet Transplantation," Abstract #33-LB, Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 24, 2001. See: http://38.204.37.95/am01/AnnualMeeting/Abstracts/NumberResults.asp?idAbs=33-LB.    18. M. McCullough, "Islet transplants offer hope that diabetes can be cured," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1.    19. D. Woodbury et al., "Adult Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate Into Neurons," 61 J. of Neuroscience Research 364-70 (2000) at 364 (emphasis added).    20. D. Prockop, "Stem Cell Research Has Only Just Begun" (Letter), 293 Science 211-2 (13 July 2001)(citations omitted).

Rebel W/out A Cause Essay -- essays research papers

REBEL WITHOUT A CAUSE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rebel Without A Cause is a movie about three troubled, identity-seeking teenagers alienated from the world of their parents (Jim Stark, Judy, and Plato). Each of the movie’s main characters is searching for understanding, companionship, and a sense of belonging, much like most of the teenagers today. Even thought the movie is dated, it depicts the main problems and concerns that teens currently face. This film offers no answers. It merely presents the problems and the viewer is left to ponder how they'll turn out. I could identify with this movie on many levels. And I think that much of the young audiences out there could as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie seems to tell the audience that just because teenagers do some bad things, doesn’t mean they’re bad at heart. I agree. In the movie, Jim is pressured into participating in a chickie run with a local gang leader named Buzz. A chickie run is where two guys race in a car towards a cliff. The first one to jump out from his car is a chicken. Jim feels he has something to prove. He doesn’t want to race, but he feels he has to show everyone he’s tough. Usually most teenagers today don’t want to get into trouble, but if it is necessary to put their lives on the line they will, simply to maintain their reputation. This is primarily associated to a phenomenon that teens encounter every day of thei...

The Folly of Hypocrisy Exposed in Arms and the Man :: Arms and the Man Essays

The Folly of Hypocrisy Exposed in Arms and the Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Satire is the "biting exposure of human folly which criticizes human conduct, and aims to correct it" (Di Yanni 839). Moliere was the French master of satiric comedy, and Shaw has been hailed likewise--as the "Irish Moliere." In Arms and the Man, Shaw demonstrates his genius for satire by exposing the incongruities of life and criticizing the contradictions in human character.      Ã‚   Love and war are the main subjects of this play. Shaw addresses each, showing the disparity between how these issues are perceived and what they are in actuality. Love, of course, is often regarded in romantic terms. Raina, of Arms and the Man, is described as a young, beautiful woman who indeed does hold to idealistic notions concerning the emotion of love. To her, "the world really is a glorious world for women who can see its glory and men who can act in its romance!" (Shaw 1294, act 1). She acts as though she can continue to live in her ideal world forever and believes that she has found a true love in Sergius. As a couple, they put on a show for each other to prove their emotions are real. Raina says, in effect, that she is perfect in Sergius' company--"'When I think of you, I feel that I could never do a base deed, or think and ignoble thought'"--and he, in hers--"'You will never disappoint me, Sergius,'" she adds (1311, act 2).      Ã‚  Ã‚   However, by the play's end, Shaw is eager to reveal that all is not as it seems with any of the characters, especially with Raina. The audience knows it, and the characters learn the truth, too. When Sergius discovers the facts about his fiancà ©e, he exclaims, "'You love that man! . . . You allow him to make love to you behind my back, just as you treat me as your affianced husband behind his'" (1329, act 3). Later, he comes to the realization that their "romance is shattered. [And] Life's a farce" (1330, act 3). It almost seems as though the playwright himself is saying this line; he speaks them to the audience as directly as if he were on stage. For Shaw often stocked his plays "full of lines in which the characters explode romantic elusions" (Ervine 269).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Love, though, is not the only concept around which romanticism abounds.

Renaissance in Harlem City in the Viewpoint of Toni Morrison’s Jazz Essay

â€Å"Jazz†, a novel by Toni Morrison, is a chronicle of the lives and struggles of the African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance in the United States. The novel begins with an African-American community in Harlem New York in the year 1926. What makes it a credible commentary on that specific period in the history of the United States and that of the African-American people is the vivid description of the author of the â€Å"glittering city (Morrison 1992)† of Harlem, the setting of the novel. Not only was the description accurate and vivid in accordance to the historical account of Harlem Renaissance but most importantly it has become a novel that encodes the way of life of every African- American during the said historical period. In the novel, the â€Å"City† has always been very important in the representation of the Black community, not only as a city within the city but the very essence of Black existence during the 1920’s. The historical backdrop of this novel is the 1920’s United States better known as the â€Å"Age of Prosperity† for most Americans because of the end of the First World War. Americans lead a new way of living that is free from German Imperialism. After the war, the African American soldiers looked forward for their freedom but never had one. Even after slavery was abolished, African Americans still have to work in cotton and sugar cane plantations. During this period, about 90% of the African Americans in the South were suffering and they viewed the North as a place of dignity, opportunity, and freedom. This period paved way to â€Å"The Great Migration† where African- Americans migrated from south to north en masse particularly Harlem, New York. Even when they confronted another kind of racism in their new community, they somehow led a better and more decent life. The rise of the Harlem Renaissance heralds a paradise that is discrimination-safe for the African- Americans. The Harlem Renaissance as Depicted by Harlem City in â€Å"Jazz† As stated earlier, the city has become the sole instrument of the novel in making its account of the historical period vivid and interesting. The city represents many different aspects of the African-American life which makes this novel a credible account of the African-American life during the Harlem Renaissance. By using the Harlem City as the setting of the novel, it makes the novel more grounded to the historical period where it is based from. This essay will examine the importance of the â€Å"City† in the development of the novel as well as its effects to the reader’s interpretation of it. Our first account of the city is found in Chapter 1 of the novel. In the words of an omniscient narrator: A city like this one makes me dream tall and feel in on things. Hep. It’s the bright steel rocking above the shade below that does it. When I looked over strips of green grass lining the river, at church steeples and into the cream-and-copper halls of the apartment buildings, I’m strong. Alone, yes, but top-notched and indestructible—like this City in 1926 when all wars are over and there will be another one. The people down there are happy about that. At last, at last, everything’s ahead. The A&P hires a colored clerk. Big legged woman with pink kitty tongues roll money into green tubes for later on; then they laugh and put their arms around each other. I like the way the City makes people think they can do what they want and get away with it. I see them all over the place: wealthy whites and plain ones too, pile into mansions decorated and redecorated by black women richer than they are, and both are pleased with the spectacle of the other (Morrison 1992). The first sentence suggests that the narrator sees â€Å"this† city as different and unique among the cities that he has been as suggested by the article â€Å"a†. This city, he contends, makes him dream big things and actually keep in touch with it. Basing on the backdrop of the novel, the Harlem Renaissance has brought about changes in the lives of the African- Americans. The Harlem City in particular has become a new haven for the African-American migrants from the South to find a new and better life that is free of all the oppression and discrimination that they experienced. This dream is not specified by the narrator. However, I see dreaming (whether tall, big, or small) as something that is treasured by the African- Americans for only in this city that they were able to dream whatever dreams they have for themselves as an individual and as a group of people. To be able to dream is already a dream come true for the African- Americans who sought for another world for cultural recognition and self identity. Though the dream was not specified, it can be deduced that this dream is that of the freedom to actually dream. Moreover, it is freedom to live in a place where they can be who they are. The second sentence further speaks of the African- Americans newfound life. The narrator speaks of the city as the reason of his strength. This presupposes the fact that the narrator felt that he was weak prior to his arrival in the city. In placing the novel into the historical backdrop of Harlem Renaissance, African- Americans especially in the South were treated as inferiors in relation to the Whites. They were seen as weak and a lesser class of humans by the Whites. Furthermore, they were reduced to slavery as if brandishing them that role as their only role in America. However, as the passage suggests, this inferiority and weakness has been replaced by pride and strength. As a matter of fact, not only was the city a haven where discrimination and oppression among the African- Americans were inexistent, it has also become a place where they can dwell and live like normal Americans as suggested by an employment of an African- American woman as a clerk in A&P. The role of slaves as a stereotyped job of African- Americans is already eradicated in the city. As a matter of fact, Blacks and Whites are in the city devoid of any differences and were living harmoniously with each other as suggested by the last sentence of the passage: the Whites and the Blacks are pleased to just accomplish their roles (richer Black women decorating the houses of the Whites). The words â€Å"top-notched† and â€Å"indestructible† in the third sentence suggests the confidence that the African- Americans gain in living in Harlem. They see it as the end of their struggle for equality and the end of every possibility of oppression. As told by the narrator, even when he is alone he felt that the city is with him. Because of this, both of them (the city and the narrator) feel indestructible. The city has become a sanctuary for African- Americans from all the oppression and discrimination. If we look back in history, the Harlem has been the place where most of the African- Americans from the south migrated for they found the city as a place of greener pastures. They find Harlem City as a place where they can start new lives and celebrate their unique cultural identities. Lastly, the fourth sentence sums up the real feeling and sensibilities of the narrator and the African- Americans in general on living in the City. The narrator says that the people are really happy not only with the end of the war and the struggles but also of their newfound freedom in the city. The phrase â€Å"at last† suggests that this happiness and freedom have always been yearned by African- Americans. They finally experienced the happiness that they always sought for in Harlem City. In this sense, the city has become an embodiment of an emancipated African- Americans from their battle for equality. The Harlem Renaissance has always been considered as the spiritual coming of age of the Black community where African-Americans were able to foster group recognition and self determination. The Element of Setting in Historical Fiction The difference between settings and events that are based on historical facts and those based on the imagination of the author is mainly objectivity. Events in a historical fiction are always patterned in real and hard facts of history. While other elements of the story such as characters and plots might be different, there would always be a cast from which the author will based his or her settings, characters, and plots. It is not a requisite that the whole set of facts should be accurately depicted such as writing histories, it is already enough that the facts are presented accurately to serve the purpose of a historical backdrop for the development of a work of art such as fiction. Historical novel need not lie in the historical worlds they create but in the relationship between the world and the chief actors. Historical novels can be meticulous in depicting the larger contexts of an era while creating either the chief actors in that world or giving them undocumented thoughts and actions (Berkhofer et al 1997). † In the novel, Morrison patterned the event to that of the Harlem Renaissance. From the beginning of â€Å"The Great Migration† as illustrated by most of the major characters moving from the South to the North. Moreover, it is also evident in the passage cited above that the narrator is new to the place which indicates that he is a migrant. He sees the place as something different and strange which suggests that he is new in the place. However, there is no indication that the characters were patterned into some particular historical figure. But it is apparent that even though there were no particular persons involved in the development of the characters, they are still patterned towards possibilities and tendencies of the people that lived in that particular era, that is, African- Americans during the Renaissance. The sensibilities and actions of the characters are always influenced by the happenings and the circumstances of the times. For instance, the narrator’s attitude and feeling towards the city is a typical African- American reaction to a place that has brought freedom to their community. On one hand, events and settings that are based on the imagination of the author are highly subjective. They are basically unrestrained and unconfined that the author is free to just create and invent any event, setting, plot, and characters without having to sanction these elements to facts or history. The possibilities are endless so that authors would not need to concern themselves with accuracy nor loyalty to any source. Historical Literary Criticism as a Tool in Understanding â€Å"Jazz† It has been argued that historical point of view or knowledge as a method in literary criticism would render our interpretation of literature more objective. With historical literary criticism, our interpretation of the text is sanctioned on the subject’s relevance, relationship, and influence of the historical period where it is written. It is not merely a baseless interpretation; it is an interpretation with a historical ground. This is for the reason that history is â€Å" a bedrock of objective facts and data that give credence to any empirical discipline. † It is believed that literature that is based on history would be more realistic. â€Å"The objective ground of history is precisely that which enables the subjective elements which constitute literary texts to function beyond the aesthetic (Green 1995). In other words, our knowledge of the historical events, figures, and background would make our interpretation more accurate for it is more objective. Not only would it provide a ground for the understanding of the facts and events of the past but also of that particular period’s attitudes, perception, thoughts, and ideologies about the world. In the novel, Harlem Renaissance is not just used as a historical background to quantify or justify the tendencies of the characters and the vividness of the setting and events, but also the commentaries and ideologies that the African- Americans have during the period. For instance, the novel incorporated the historical event of the Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance not only to give the novel more accuracy and objectivity but also to assert the Black’s attitude towards racism and their yearning to assert their identities through music and other forms of art with the help of the â€Å"glittering city (Morrison 1992)†. The reader’s knowledge of the historical background of a work of fiction would help him/her understand the contexts of the novel that would render his/her interpretation in an objective path. As earlier mentioned, historical background and details would make a work of literature more grounded. However, this is not the case with anachronism. This is the worst sin that a historian or a historical fictionist could commit. To represent something outside the supposed context of the historical period would thwart the interpretation and knowledge of the readers upon the text and the historical event itself. In the novel, there are no cases of anachronism for Toni Morrison is a reliable source of the lives of the African- Americans as she is one of them herself. As far as the city life is concerned, she has not only depicted it clearly but also reflected its ideologies very accurately as stated in earlier paragraphs. Though it would be difficult to avoid anachronism for every writer will always interpret historical facts in their own subjective ways, it is highly recommended that writers especially historical fiction writers which has purposes of being objective rather than just being aesthetic should stick to the original. In this way, they would not only remain faithful to history where it is basing its vividness, accuracy, and reliability but also serve a higher purpose of informing readers the ideologies and sensibilities of every historical period and figure that has shaped the world.

To Prepare a Report

eating house Management outline entropybase visualise Report Submitted by UROOSA RASHID incision of Computer Science and Information engine room Jinnah University for Women 5-C Nazimabad, Karachi 74600 1. Introduction 1. 1 Project Overview This study outlines a plan proposal from the Pakistan nutriment Restaurant to compel a sustainable income stream. This project impart help Pakistan victuals Restaurant to earn part of the property to support and ensure its future. It is being undertaken by us because it covers various aspects of restaurant way system and makes it easy to access the nurture about the restaurant management system. . 2 Aims and ObjectivesThe Restaurant Management System project leave meet the following objectives 0 It temperaments the information of clients. 1 It records the information and meter of lodges made by guests along with go steady. 2 It records the price of sustenance. 3 It will handle records of employees of the restaurant 4 It will in addition keep record of raw materials, supplies and vendors. 1. 3 Project ScopeThis project will keep record of tout ensemble food items of the restaurant. It also records the information of customers along with entirely the orders made by them. The orders argon record according to the date.Computerized know is given to the customer with the elaborate of the order and bill. Whenever a customer comes first time then he/she must evince him/her self at the counter. Next time the customer comes he/she will none need to register at the counter there will be already an existing record of that customer. 1. 4 List of confuses and Description Project consists of following panels * clients * assures * Orderline * Items * painful material * Supplies * Vendors * Bills * Employees * Chef * restrainer * serverDescription of turn offs * Customers hold over consists of ustomer ID, name, Address, Last get word date of customer. It keeps the records of customers. * Orders shelve k eep records of number of orders set(p) by customers along with OrderID, Order name, Order date, Order time. * Orderline circuit board consists of quantity of orders. * Items set back consists of list of food items along with their type, follow, ID. * Raw materials duck consists of list of raw materials utilize to make food items along with real(a) ID, type, Expiry date and Stock date. * Supplies table consists of Quantity, Supply date, Supply time and salute of raw materials provided by vendors/suppliers. Vendors flurry consists of VendorID, name, sink in number, status of the vendors of the restaurant. * Bills table consists of Receipt no. , cash received, items purchased and total amount of the customers. * Employees table consist of the complete information of the employees of the restaurant. It consists of employee ID, name, address, postal code, contact number, salary, hire date of the employees. * Chef table consists of the speciality of the chefs of the restaurant. * Accountants table consists of the qualification of the accountants of the restaurant. * Waiter table consists of the job description of the waiters. 1. 5 Project Features Main features of the project are * Complete Inventory from sale of food items and drinks. * elaborate of purchases are also maintained. * Reports for all items in stock as hygienic as items to be ordered. * Complete information of employees along with their contact number and ID. * Details of previous orders by a customer. * Computerized receipt generation process. 2. System Design 2. 1 information Flow Diagram scene Diagram Amount paid Bills Customer Order sent back primed(p) order Receipt passed 0 say system Received order Items on hand(predicate) Placing order 1. 0Choosing from items menu Level 0 Items Customer Order report availability of orders 2. 0 Processing order Bills details to customers remuneration by customer Payment process 3. 0 Payment for the order Payment receipt and order Bills 3. ER-Dia gram 4. Snapshots 5. SQL persona piddle database Restaurant use Restaurant 5. 1 Query for card customers establish table customers(name n set fire to(20) non zip,customer_id int non trifling primal blusher,last_visit_date int non zilch,address var flame(10) visionary) get in into customers(customer_id,name,address,last_visit_date) values(1,Ahmed Ali,6th Floor,Ambadeep Building,No. 4, K. G. Marg, peeled Delhi -110001,4/29/2009) 5. 2 Query for Table employees have table employees(employee_id int not unsatisfying capital rouge,name nchar(20) not cryptograph,hire_date datetime not unreal,postal_code int not empty,employee_address nvarchar(30) vigor,contact_no int zip fastener,salary gold not null, epithet char(20) not null) precede into employees(employee_id,name, salary,employee_address, hire_date,postal_code, contact_no) values(1,Abdul Baseer,5,000. 00,AJC Bose Road, Business Tower, 7th Floor,Block AB,Kolkata-700017,8/5/2008,75200,021-35835956) . 3 Query fo r Table orders create table orders(order_id int not null primary blusher,number_of_orders int not null,order_date datetime not null,order_time datetime not null,total_cost notes not null,customer_id int not null,employee_id int not null,restraint cust_id impertinent backbone(customer_id) references customers(customer_id), constraint emp_id unlike linchpin(employee_id) references employees(employee_id)) insert into orders(order_id,number_of_orders,order_date,order_time,total_cost) values(1,1,7/20/2010,60500 PM,250) 5. 4 Query for Table items reate table items(item_id int not null primary place,item_type nchar(10) not null,item_name nchar(20) not null,cost coin not null) insert into items(item_id,item_name,item_type,cost) values(1,Chicken Corn soup,Soup,$110. 00) 5. 5 Query for Table bills create table bills(receipt_no int not null,items_purchased int not null,total_amount silver not null,cash_received money not null,cash_returned money not null) insert intobills(receipt_ no,items_purchased,total_amount, cash_received, cash_returned) values(1,4,$100. 0,$100. 00,$0. 00) 5. 6 Query for Table vendors create table vendors(vendor_id int not null primary key,name nchar(10) not null,vendor_status nchar(20) not null 5. 7 Query for Table raw_material create table raw_material(material_id int not null primary key,material_name char(25) not null,material_type char(20) not null,quantity int not null,cost money not null,expirydate datetime not null,stock_date datetime not null,item_id int not null, constraint it_id foreign key(item_id) references items(item_id)) nsert into raw_material(material_id,material_name,expiry_date,material_type, stock_date) values(1,Ground beef,5/16/2013,MEAT,7/31/2012) 5. 8 Query for Table supplies create table supplies(supply_date datetime not null,supply_time datetime not null,quantity nchar not null,cost money not null,material_id int not null,vendor_id int not null,constraint mt_id foreign key(material_id) references raw_material (material_id),constraint v_id foreign key(vendor_id) references vendors(vendor_id)) insert into supplies(supply_date,supply_time,quantity,cost) alues(4/1/2012,110000 AM,40,$10,000. 00) 5. 9 Query for Table order_line create table order_line(quantity int not null,order_id int not null,item_id int not null,constraint od_id foreign key(order_id) references orders(order_id),constraint itm_id foreign key(item_id) references items(item_id)) 6. Ms door Portion Queries 6. 1 Receipt interrogate SELECT Bills. Receipt number, Bills. Items purchased, Bills. Total Amount, Bills. Cash Received, Bills. Cash Returned, Bills. Customer ID, Bills. A_employee no FROM BillsWHERE (((Bills. Customer ID)= make it Customer ID)) 6. 2 Employees query SELECT employees. Employee ID, employees. Name, employees. Salary, employees. Address, employees. Hire date, employees. Postal code, employees. contact number FROM employees WHERE (((employees. Salary) Between beginning salary And Ending Salary)) 6. 3 Order s of customers query SELECT customers. Customer ID AS customers_Customer ID, customers. Name, customers. address, customers. Last visit date, orders. Order ID, orders. number of orders, orders. order date, orders. order time, orders. Customer ID AS orders_Customer ID, orders. Employee ID FROM customers INNER bring together orders ON customers. Customer ID = orders. Customer ID WHERE (((customers. Name)=Enter name)) 6. 4 Items query SELECT Items. Item ID, Items. Name, Items. Type, Items. Cost FROM Items WHERE (((Items. Type)=Enter type of item)) 6. 5 Orders query SELECT orders. Order ID, orders. number of orders, orders. order date, orders. order time, orders. Customer ID, orders. Employee ID FROM orders WHERE (((orders. order date) Between starting signal date And Ending date)) 6. 6 Invoice query SELECT Supplies. Cost, Supplies. Quantity(kg), Supplies. Supply date, Supplies. Supply time, Supplies. Vendor ID, Supplies. Material ID, Quantity(kg)*Cost AS total FROM Supplies 7. Data D ictionary 7. 1 Table Employees Attributes Data types autochthonic key unknown key lieu sizing employee_id int * non null name nchar not null 20 salary money non null employee_address nvarchar Null 30 hire date datetime not null ostal_code int non null contact_no int Null designation nchar not null 20 7. 2 Table customers Attributes Data types direct key Foreign key positioning sizing customer_id int * not null name nchar not null 20 last_visit_date int non null Address varchar Null 10 7. 3 Table orders Attributes Data types Primary key Foreign key Status coat order_id int * non null number_of_orders int non null order_date datetime not null order_time datetime Not null otal_cost money Not null customer_id int * Not null employee_id int * Not null 7. 4 Table bills Attributes Data types Primary key Foreign key Status sizing receipt_no int * Not null items_purchased int Not null total_amount money Not null cash_re ceived money Not null cash_returned money Not null Customer_ID int * Not null A_employee no int * Not null 7. 5 Table Items Attributes Data types Primary key Foreign key Status Size item_id int * Not null tem_type nchar Not null 10 item_name nchar Not null 20 cost money Not null 7. 6 Table raw materials Attributes Data types Primary key Foreign key Status Size material_id Int * Not null material_name char Not null 25 material_type char Not null 20 expirydate datetime Not null stock_date datetime Not null item_id int * Not null 7. 7 Table vendors Attributes Data types Primary key Foreign key Status Size vendor_id int * Not null name nchar Not null 10 endor_status nchar Not null 20 contact_no int null 7. 8 Table supplies Attributes Data types Primary key Foreign key Status Size supply_date datetime Not null supply_time datetime Not null quantity nchar Not null 10 cost money Not null material_id int * Not null vendor_id int * Not null 7. 9 Table orderline Attributes Data types Primary key Foreign key Status Size quantity int Not null order_id int * Not null item_id int * Not null

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralisation of decision making is the process of involving different people in an organization in making key significant changes whether these changes are policy based or otherwise, different levels of senior management are involved and their expertise and own opinion is sought before any changes are enacted. There are 2 public key decisions making methods in an organisation, namely centralized and decentralized, In the latter, only the top management is involved in making key changes and decisions which negative affect the whole organization.This system is advantageous in that, it is faster, reliable wired and less tasking. While it is still used in great majority of organizaions, most organizations are shifting to the decentralised scientific method and therefore are involving different levels of management in the important decision making process.They rely to make decisions and provide same direction for the company.Thirdly, decentralised decision making process is ideal whereby, primary key decisions are being made at departmental levels such as in production department. Empowering departmental heads to make key decisions perhaps pertaining to the purchasing of crucial dry ingredients as well as other technical areas late may require a decentralised decision making model. PAGE 2: Organisational culture empty can present difficulties for management initiated change programmes? connect Discuss Organisational culture refers to the employee – employer international relations which shape how the two parties interact and intermingle at the work place.Also, organisational culture can be shaped by, former employee backgrounds, external factors as well as the level of support accorded to the employees by the political organization staff.Each time a one-voice coverage is required, e.

On the other hand an organization culture which is negative leads to new customers shunning away so that, any well meant educational programmes will be fail to take better off since, negative publicity which the employees can advance in the process of interacting with the different stake holders also what does have a bearing on the outcome of the projects. Lastly, organizational culture determines total output in workers in that, a negative general attitude amongst employees is more likely to lead to new low output in that, it is highly correlated with time low morale and therefore productivity.PAGE 3: Discuss why managerial authority is so important to our understanding of organisations and technological how this power has to be legitimised logical not just by individual workers but by the international organisations culture. Failure to appreciate managerial authority stems original form a negative culture which in stead of pestering a mutual understanding between skilled work ers and employers causes tensions and such misunderstandings in an organization.in fiscal reporting, agility early may not be suitable.To achieve the above, management should work towards having logical and inculcating in the organization, the right culture. This best can be achieved (if it is lacking), through the launching of strategic plans which could incorporate vision logical and mission statements, core values of the organization as well as the social responsibility statement of the organization. All the above are necessary in ensuring that, the organization functions in the right environment whereby the special needs of all members in the organization are taken great care of and employees feel free and as a part of the organization. This in turn direct result into a culture of unity and strength.Dynamic changes in financial resources and organisational objectives , along with the firm environment, geometric mean a static structure is suitable.

The classical organisation is linked with bureaucracy.Organizations and other people having different opinions on a particular small business choice best can struggle.The operation of the HR professional needs to close parallel the requirements of their organization that is shifting.In the procedure, you ought to be going for foreseeable future growth and ensuring.

Further empirical analysis is necessary Considering that the little effect of management reforms like these may take first time to unfold.There are six significant elements that moral ought to be aligned by the communication departments as a means.Gathering information could possibly be a issue for little logical and midsize businesses (SMEs), not just for financial or personnel reasons, but also because SMEs armed might not understand what theyd like to find worn out or they dont have sufficient time good for detailed analysis.Folks at every level in the business could have some autonomy.